Ethnic differences between South Asians and White Caucasians in cardiovascular disease-related mortality in developed countries: a systematic literature review

Table 4 Certainty of the evidence using GRADE and summary of results for CVD-related mortality and all-cause mortality

Quality assessment							Summary of findings
Outcome (number of data points)	Risk of bias	Inconsistencies	Indirectness	Imprecision	Publication bias	Overall quality of evidence	Relative effect (95% CrI)	Between-study heterogeneity
CVD-related mortality (number of data points = 57)
Pooled result	Serious^a	Not serious	Not serious	Not serious	None	⊕⊕⊕◯ moderate	1.32 (1.14, 1.54)	53%
All-cause mortality (number of data points = 36)
Pooled result	Serious^a	Not serious	Not serious	Serious^b	None	⊕⊕◯◯ low	0.95 (0.83, 1.12)	41%

Abbreviations: CrI credible Interval, GRADE the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation
^aCertainty of evidence was downgraded by one level by risk of bias: majority of studies were deemed as having either a moderate or high risk of bias
^bCertainty of evidence was downgraded by one level by imprecision: some studies presented large confidence intervals

ISSN: 2046-4053