Table 3 Characteristics of included reviews

 ^aSinnott (2013) [52]

SR

GPs’ perceptions on the clinical management of multimorbidity.

275 GPs

UK (3), Netherlands (2), USA (2), Belgium (1), Germany (1), Ireland (1)

10 studies:

Qualitative

Meta-ethnography

10.5^high

 ^aO’Brien (2016) [61]

SR

PCPs’ perceptions of the barriers that prevent effective management of child and adolescent mental health problems.

9624 PCPs (FPs, GPs, paeds)

USA (22), UK (9), Australia (4), Canada (4), Ireland (2), South Africa (2), Malta (1), Puerto Rico (1)

43 studies:

Qualitative and quantitative

Thematic synthesis

9.5^high

 Barley (2011) [56]

SR

Barriers to and facilitators for good depression management.

GPs (2738)

PNs (476)

UK (17)

17 studies:

Qualitative and quantitative

Meta-ethnography

9^high

 Lucas (2015) [50]

SR

Views, beliefs and attitudes that influence prescribing for acute childhood infection.

207 PCPs (FPs, GPs, paeds)

UK (7), Iceland (3), France (2), USA (2), Belgium (1), Norway (1), New Zealand (1), Poland (1), Spain (1)

15 studies:

Qualitative

Meta-ethnography

9^high

 Lawrence (2016) [58]

SR

PCPs’ perspectives of their role within cancer care.

10941 PCPs (FPs, GPs, obs-gynae, paeds)

USA (10), Canada (9), Netherlands (4), Australia (3), Norway (3), France (2), UK (2), Germany (1), Italy (1), Ireland (1), Israel (1)

35 studies:

Qualitative and quantitative

Thematic synthesis

8.5^high

 Sirdifield (2013) [53]

SR

Clinicians’ experiences and perceptions of benzodiazepine prescribing.

187 PCPs (FPs, GPs, obs-gynae, paeds)

UK (2), Australia (1), Belgium (1), Canada (1), Norway (1), Slovenia (1), USA (1)

8 studies:

Qualitative

Thematic synthesis

8.5^high

 Tonkin-Crine (2011) [65]

SR

GPs’ attitudes and experiences of antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory tract infections.

321 PCPs (GPs, nurse prescribers)

UK (5), Iceland (2), Norway (2), Belgium (1), France (1), New Zealand (1), Netherlands (1), Poland (1), Spain (1), USA (1)

12 studies:

Qualitative

Meta-ethnography

5.5^mod

 Schumann (2012) [51]

SR

Family physicians’ perceived barriers to diagnosing depression.

239 PCPs (FPs, GIs, NPs)

UK (5), USA (3), Australia (1), Canada (1), Germany (1), Netherlands (1), Sweden (1)

15 articles reporting 13 studies:

Qualitative

Thematic synthesis

10.5^high

 ^aMcDonagh (2018) [59]

SR

Barriers and facilitators to chlamydia testing for young people and PCPs.

> 1733 PCPs

UK (15), Australia (9), Estonia (1), France (1), New Zealand (1), Sweden (1)

25 studies:

Qualitative and quantitative

Framework synthesis (COM-B Model)

7.5^mod

 ^aYeung (2015) [63]

NR

Barriers and facilitators to chlamydia testing.

> 11993 GPs

Not reported

37 studies:

Qualitative and quantitative

Framework synthesis (patient, GP and general practice-level)

3.5^low

 Ogeil (2020) [33]

NR

Barriers to the assessment and diagnosis of insomnia.

> 127 GPs

USA (4), Australia (2), Germany (2), UK (2)

10 studies:

Qualitative and quantitative

Framework synthesis (TDF Framework)

3^low

 ^aDe Vleminck (2013) [57]

SR

Perceived factors hindering or facilitating GPs in engaging in advance care planning (ACP).

> 2149 PCPs (FPs, GPs, obs-gynae, paeds)

UK (4), USA (3), Australia (2), Netherlands (2), Belgium (1), Canada (1), Israel (1), Singapore (1)

15 studies:

Qualitative and quantitative

Framework synthesis (initial emergent themes)

9.5^high

 Vogt (2005) [55]

SR

Family physicians’ beliefs and attitudes towards discussing smoking cessation with patients.

GPs (5475)

FPs (1143)

Response rate 37-95%.

UK (5), USA (5), Italy (2), Australia (1), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1), Canada (1), Finland (1), France (1), New Zealand (1), Norway (1), Sweden (1)

20 studies:

Quantitative

Thematic synthesis and pooled proportions

5.5^mod

 Zwolsman (2012) [64]

SR

Barriers encountered by GPs in the practice of EBM.

2390 GPs

UK (7), Australia (5), Bahrain (1), Belgium (1), Canada (1), Germany (1), Jordan (1), Norway (1), Singapore (1), Spain (1), Turkey (1), USA (1)

22 studies:

Qualitative and quantitative

Framework synthesis (conceptual model

9^high

 Carlsen (2007) [48]

SR

GPs’ attitudes to and experiences with clinical practice guidelines.

GPs (172)

FPs (147)

UK (6), Canada (3), Netherlands (2), USA (1)

12 studies:

Qualitative

Thematic synthesis

5.5^mod

 Vedel (2011) [54]

SR

Barriers and facilitators to breast and colorectal cancer screening of older adults.

11022 PCPs (FPs, GPs, obs-gynae, paeds)

Response rate 21–93%.

USA (12), Canada (3), Australia (2), France (2), Italy (1), Switzerland (1)

21 studies:

Quantitative

Framework synthesis (own taxonomy)

8^high

 Ju (2018) [49]

SR

GPs’ perspectives on the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

> 1223 GPs

Not reported

34 studies:

Qualitative

Thematic synthesis

7.5^mod

 ^aMikat-Stevens (2015) [60]

SR

Primary care providers’ perceived barriers against provision of genetics services.

> 8494 PCPs (FPs, GPs, obs-gynae, paeds, advanced practice nurses, PAs)

USA (17), UK (6), Australia (4), Canada (4), Netherlands (3), Germany (1), New Zealand (1), Switzerland (1)

38 studies:

Qualitative and quantitative

Thematic synthesis

7.5^mod

 Schadewaldt (2013) [62]

SR

Views and experiences of nurse practitioners and medical practitioners with collaborative practice.

PCPs (1641 medical practitioners, 380 NPs)

USA (11), Canada (6), UK (6), Ireland (1), Netherlands (1), New Zealand (1), Sweden (1)

30 articles reporting 27 studies:

Qualitative and quantitative

Thematic synthesis

5.5^mod