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Table 4 Risk of bias in NRS and CBA using the ROBINS-I tool

From: Interprofessional collaboration and patient-reported outcomes in inpatient care: a systematic review

Study

Study design

Confounding

Selection of participants

Classification of interventions

Deviations from intended interventions

Missing data

Measurement of the outcome

Selection of reported results

Overall RoB

Angst et al. 2009 [30]

NRS

+

++

++

++

-

-

+

-

Brédart et al. 2009 [31]

NRS

+

++

++

++

-

-

+

-

Hampel et al. 2015 [32]

NRS

-

++

++

++

-

-

--

--

Marcussen et al. 2020 [34]

NRS

-

++

++

++

-

-

+

-

Semrau et al. 2015 [33]

NRS

+

++

++

++

++

++

++

+

Deenik et al. 2018 [35]

CBA

+

++

++

++

++

-

++

-

  1. ++Low, +moderate, -serious, --critical; NRS non-randomized studies, CBA controlled before-and-after studies, RoB risk of bias