Table 3 GRADEpro
Summary of findings | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Psychological violence on mental health | ||||||
Population: Females from varying samples Setting: Primarily observational studies. Exposure: Psychological violence Outcome: PTSD, depression and anxiety | ||||||
Outcomes | Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI) | Relative effect (95% CI) | № of participants (studies) | Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) | Comments | |
Risk with [comparison] | Risk with [intervention] | |||||
PTSD (Hedges g) Assessed with: multiple validated scales | 0.90 (0.77; 1.04 95% CI) | - | 8393 (45 observational studies) | ⨁⨁◯◯ LOW a,b,c | ||
PTSD (odds ratio) Assessed with: varying types of measures | Study population | OR 2.23 (1.37 to 3.64) | 15,796 (13 observational studies) | ⨁◯◯◯ VERY LOW c,d,e | The World Mental Health Survey has examined the 12-month prevalence of cross-country PTSD. The prevalence varied significantly by country income, with lower-low middle-income countries demonstrating a prevalence of 1.5% compared with 3.6% in high-income countries [88]. This variation is translated for the anticipated absolute effect comparing study population with low and high prevalence variations for PTSD. | |
10 per 1000 | 22 per 1000 (14 to 35) | |||||
Low | ||||||
15 per 1000 | 33 per 1000 (20 to 53) | |||||
High | ||||||
36 per 1000 | 77 per 1000 (49 to 120) | |||||
Depression (Hedges g) Assessed with: multiple validated scales | 0.69 (0.58; 0.81 95% CI) | - | 112,487 (56 observational studies) | ⨁⨁◯◯ LOW b,d | ||
Depression (odds ratio) Assessed with: various types of measures | Study population | OR 2.13 (1.54 to 2.95) | 74,147 (30 observational studies) | ⨁⨁◯◯ LOW e,f | Kessler and Bromet [89] have reviewed the 12-month prevalence estimate of Major Depressive Disorder in 18 World Mental Health Surveys. The prevalence estimates ranges from 2.2 to 10.4% across the 18 countries. This variation is translated for the anticipated absolute effect comparing study population with low and high prevalence variations for depression. | |
10 per 1000 | 21 per 1000 (15 to 29) | |||||
Low | ||||||
22 per 1000 | 46 per 1000 (33 to 62) | |||||
High | ||||||
104 per 1000 | 198 per 1000 (152 to 255) | |||||
Anxiety (Hedges g) Assessed with: multiple validated scales | 0.58 (0.4; 0.76 95%CI) | - | 7339 (20 observational studies) | ⨁⨁◯◯ LOW b,g | ||
Anxiety (odds ratio) Assessed with: various types of measures | Study population | OR 2.20 (1.75 to 2.77) | 37,814 (8 observational studies) | ⨁⨁◯◯ LOW e,h | Baxter, Scott, Vos, and Whiteford [90] applied a meta-regression of prevalence studies of anxiety disorders from 44 countries. The estimated adjusted prevalence varied from 7.6 to 17.7% within the past 12 months across countries. This variation is translated for the anticipated absolute effect comparing study population with low and high Prevalence variations for anxiety. | |
10 per 1000 | 22 per 1000 (17 to 27) | |||||
Low | ||||||
76 per 1000 | 153 per 1000 (126 to 186) | |||||
High | ||||||
177 per 1,000 | 321 per 1000 (273 to 373) | |||||