Table 5 Exercise intervention components and delivery approaches

Component: Exercise type

Single exercise type

>1 exercise type

OH

OD

O

O

O

OI

OT

OS

OB

O

O

O

O

O

O

Warm-up^d

O

O

O

OI

OT

OS

OB

O

O

O

Upper body strength exercises

O

O

Lower limb strength/resistance exercises

OH

OD

O

O

O

OI

OT

OS

OB

O

O

O

O

Upper limb stretches

O

O

Trunk stretches

O

O

Lower limb stretches/flexibility training

O

O

O

O

Lower limb joint mobilization/range of movement exercises

OI

OT

Lower limb PNF techniques

O

Endurance training

O

Step training

O

O

Proprioceptive/balance exercises

OH

OD

O

OI

OT

OB

O

Postural orientation/functional alignment exercises

O

Core stability/postural function exercises

O

Functional exercises

O

Gait training, including instruction on using walking aids

Cool down^f

O

O

O

OS

OB

O

Component: Adjunct/ activity

Educational component^g

OI

OT

O

Individually indicated interventions^h

O

Walking aid adjustments

OI

OT

Completion of a log book/calendar

OD

O

O

OI

OT

O

Documentation of physical activity per training week

O

Pain self-monitoring during and after training

O

Remote monitoring by a professional(s)

OD

Goal setting

O

Behavioral contracting

O

Opportunity to ask questions

Feedback/praise/encouragement from professionals

O

O

O

Provider

Physical therapist/physiotherapist(s)

OH

OD

O

OI

OT

OS

OB

O

O

O

Nurses

Kinesiologist

O

Researcher(s)

O

O

O

Delivery mode

Single format

OH

O

OS

OB

O

O

>1 format

OD

O

O

OI

OT

O

O

O

Supervised sessions

OH

O

O

O

OI

OS

OB

O

O

O

O

Telecommunication-delivered sessions, e.g., via telephone or a web application

OT

Optional in-person appointment if pain increased

OT

Instruction session (prior to unsupervised sessions)

OD

O

Information/ instruction sessions with a poster and DVD (prior to unsupervised sessions)

Review session (after 2 weeks of unsupervised sessions)

OD

Unsupervised sessions

OD

O

O

OI

OT

O

O

O

Booklet/other written instructions

O

O

O

O

Website/mobile health

OT

Remote monitoring e.g. via telephone calls/mobile applications

OD

Settingⁱ

Home and clinical setting

O

O

OI

O

Home and unspecified location for supervision

Home

OD

OT

O

O

Clinical setting

OH

OS

OB

Research facility

O

Schedule: Session frequency

3 × daily

O

Daily

OI

OT

O

5 × weekly

O

3 × weekly

OH

OD

O

O

O

OS

OB

O

≥3 × weekly

2 × weekly

O

5–9 supervised sessions within 3–4 weeks before surgery

O

Weekly for 4 weeks, then fortnightly for 4 weeks, then monthly until surgery

Schedule: Program length

3 weeks

4 weeks

OH

OD

OS

OB

4–8 weeks

4–12 weeks

O

6 weeks

O

O

O

O

8 weeks

O

O

O

Start ≥8 weeks before surgery

12 weeks

OI

OT

Months (rather than days/weeks)

Variable depending on time available pre-operatively

O

Intensity: Session duration

~30 min

O

30–40 min

OS

45min

O

~50 min

O

O

45–60 min

OB

60 min

O

Intensity: Warm-up duration

5 min (unweighted leg joint movements or walking)

O

O

5–10 min (walking)

O

10 min (aerobic activities)

O

OI

OT

OS

OB

O

O

15 min (total duration)

O

Perceived exertion “‘somewhat hard” (leg cycling)

O

2 sets of 20 reps (step-ups, calf raises)

O

5 reps per “extension”

Intensity: Strength/ resistance exercises

High intensity

O

Low to moderate resistance

Moderately fatiguing

O

O

“As tolerated”

1 set of 10 reps (≥6 s hold per rep)

1–2 sets of 10 reps

O

O

2 sets of 10–12 reps

OI

OT

2–3 sets of 10–15 reps

O

4 sets of 10 reps

OH

OD

5–10 s hold × 30 or 10 s hold × 10

1 warm-up set of 10 reps with light resistance, then 5 sets of 10 reps at 10 RM

O

Maximum 20 reps

O

2 sets of 8 reps starting at 60% of 1 RM and increasing by 1–2 kg per week as tolerated (except for calf raises, which were performed with body weight only)

O

3 sets at 12 RM progressing to 8 RM

3 sets of 10 reps at 50% 10 RM with/without progression to 100% RM; or 5 min per exercise

OS

OB

10–20%, 30–50% or 50–80% of 1 RM

O

60–100 daily

Intensity: Flexibility exercises (stretches)

2 sets of 20 s

O

O

3 sets of 20 s

O

3 sets of 30 s

4 sets of 30 s

O

Intensity: Endurance training

10–45 min at 40–70% maximum HR without pain provocation

O

Intensity: Step training

1 set of 8 reps, progressing to 1 set of 20 reps per direction

O

O

Intensity: Proprioceptive/ balance exercises

30 s per exercise

OI

OT

3–4 sets of 30–60 s per exercise

O

4 sets of 15 or 30 s per exercise

O

1 rep, 10–15 reps or 10 s hold per exercise with eyes open then eyes closed if possible

O

2–4 min per exercise

OH

OD

5 min per exercise

OB

Intensity: Function-focused exercises

2–3 sets of 1–15 reps

O

Intensity: Cool down

5 min (unweighted leg joint movements, stretches or walking)

O

O

O

10 min (total duration)

O

2 sets of 30 s (stretches)

OS

OB

10 min (ice application)

OS

OB

Intensity: Progression

Progressive

OH

OD

O

O

OI

OT

OS

OB

O

O

O

O

Tailoring

Tailored according to needs/ability/individualized

OH

OD

O

O

O

OI

OT

OS

OB

O

O

O

O

Component: Exercise type

Single exercise type

O

O

>1 exercise type

O

O

O

O

O

O

V

Warm-up^d

O

O

O

O

O

Upper body strength exercises

V

Lower limb strength/resistance exercises

O^e

O

O^e

O

O

O

O

O

V

Upper limb stretches

Trunk stretches

Lower limb stretches/flexibility training

O

O^e

Lower limb joint mobilization/range of movement exercises

V

Lower limb PNF techniques

Endurance training

Step training

O^e

O

O

Proprioceptive/balance exercises

O^e

O

Postural orientation/functional alignment exercises

O

Core stability/postural function exercises

O^e

O

Functional exercises

O^e

O

O

V

Gait training, including instruction on using walking aids

V

Cool down^f

O

O

O

Component: Adjunct/ activity

Educational component^g

O

V

Individually indicated interventions^h

Walking aid adjustments

Completion of a log book/calendar

O

O

O

Documentation of physical activity per training week

Pain self-monitoring during and after training

O

Remote monitoring by a professional(s)

O

Goal setting

O

Behavioral contracting

Opportunity to ask questions

O

Feedback/praise/encouragement from professionals

O

O

O

Provider

Physical therapist/physiotherapist(s)

O

O

O

V

Nurses

O

Kinesiologist

Researcher(s)

O

O

O

O

Delivery mode

Single format

O

O

O

>1 format

O

O

O

O

O

Supervised sessions

O

O

O

O

O

O

Telecommunication-delivered sessions, e.g., via telephone or a web application

O

Optional in-person appointment if pain increased

Instruction session (prior to unsupervised sessions)

Information/instruction sessions with a poster and DVD (prior to unsupervised sessions)

O

Review session (after 2 weeks of unsupervised sessions)

Unsupervised sessions

O

O

O

O

Booklet/other written instructions

O

O

Website/mobile health

V

Remote monitoring e.g. via telephone calls/mobile applications

O

V

Settingⁱ

Home and clinical setting

O

Home and unspecified location for supervision

O

Home

O

O

Clinical setting

O

O

Research facility

Schedule: Session frequency

3 × daily

O

Daily

5 × weekly

3 × weekly

O

O

O

≥3 × weekly

O

O

2 × weekly

O

5–9 supervised sessions within 3–4 weeks before surgery

Weekly for 4 weeks, then fortnightly for 4 weeks, then monthly until surgery

O

Schedule: Program length

3 weeks

O

4 weeks

O

O

4–8 weeks

O

4–12 weeks

6 weeks

8 weeks

O

Start ≥8 weeks before surgery

V

12 weeks

O

Months (rather than days/weeks)

V

Variable depending on time available pre-operatively

O

Intensity: Session duration

~30 min

30–40 min

O

45min

~50 min

45–60 min

60 min

O

O

Intensity: Warm-up duration

5 min (unweighted leg joint movements or walking)

O

O

5–10 min (walking)

10 min (aerobic activities)

O

O

15 min (total duration)

Perceived exertion “‘somewhat hard” (leg cycling)

O

2 sets of 20 reps (step-ups, calf raises)

5 reps per “extension”

O

Intensity: Strength/ resistance exercises

High intensity

O

Low to moderate resistance

O

Moderately fatiguing

O

“As tolerated”

V

1 set of 10 reps (≥6 s hold per rep)

O

1–2 sets of 10 reps

O

2 sets of 10–12 reps

2–3 sets of 10–15 reps

O

4 sets of 10 reps

5–10 s hold × 30 or 10 s hold × 10

O

1 warm-up set of 10 reps with light resistance, then 5 sets of 10 reps at 10 RM

Maximum 20 reps

2 sets of 8 reps starting at 60% of 1 RM and increasing by 1–2 kg per week as tolerated (except for calf raises, which were performed with body weight only)

3 sets at 12 RM progressing to 8 RM

O

3 sets of 10 reps at 50% 10 RM with/without progression to 100% RM; or 5 min per exercise

10–20%, 30–50% or 50–80% of 1 RM

60–100 daily

O

Intensity: Flexibility exercises (stretches)

2 sets of 20 s

3 sets of 20 s

3 sets of 30 s

O

4 sets of 30 s

Intensity: Endurance training

10–45 min at 40–70% maximum HR without pain provocation

Intensity: Step training

1 set of 8 reps, progressing to 1 set of 20 reps per direction

O

Intensity: Proprioceptive/ balance exercises

30 s per exercise

3–4 sets of 30–60 s per exercise

4 sets of 15 or 30 s per exercise

1 rep, 10–15 reps or 10 s hold per exercise with eyes open then eyes closed if possible

2–4 min per exercise

5 min per exercise

Intensity: Function-focused exercises

2–3 sets of 1–15 reps

O

Intensity: Cool down

5 min (unweighted leg joint movements, stretches or walking)

O

O

10 min (total duration)

O

2 sets of 30 s (stretches)

10 min (ice application)

Intensity: Progression

Progressive

O

O

O

V

Tailoring

Tailored according to needs/ability/individualized

O

O

O

V