Table 3 Views studies’ summaries and Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool ratings

Citation, country

Intervention type

Design^a

Qualitative approach appropriate

Data collection methods adequate

Findings adequately derived from data

Interpretation sufficiently substantiated by data

Coherence between data sources, collection, analysis and interpretation

Aunger et al., 2020 [72], UK

Lifestyle

Mixed methods feasibility study (ratings for qualitative descriptive component with data collection via participants’ sedentary behavior booklets and feasibility questionnaires)

Y

N

?

Y

Y

Bardgett et al., 2016 [73], UK

Education

Qualitative descriptive with data collection via a postal questionnaire

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Berg et al., 2019 [74], Sweden

Education

Qualitative descriptive with data collection via semi-structured interviews

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Bin Sheeha et al., 2020 [75], UK

Education

Exercise

Other: Acupuncture

Phenomenological with data collection via a single focus group

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Causey-Upton and Howell, 2017 [76], USA

Education

Transcendental phenomenological with data collection via semi-structured interviews

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Causey-Upton et al., 2020b [77], USA

Education

Explanatory sequential mixed methods (ratings for qualitative descriptive component with data collection via semi-structured interviews)

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

das Nair et al., 2018 [45], UK

Psychological

Mixed methods feasibility study (ratings for qualitative component with data collection via semi-structured interviews)

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Drew et al., 2019 [78], Judge et al., 2020 [79], UK

Education

Ethnography with data collection via observations/job shadowing and semi-structured interviews

Y

Y

Y

?

Y

Goldsmith et al., 2017 [80]^c, Canada

Education

Qualitative descriptive component of a mixed methods prospective cohort study with data collection via semi-structured interviews

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Høvik et al., 2018 [81], Norway

Education

Qualitative descriptive with data collection via focus groups

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Lucas et al., 2013a [82] , 2013b [83], UK

Education

Action research study

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Sharif et al., 2020 [84], UK

Education

Exercise

Qualitative descriptive with data collection via semi-structured interviews

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Smith et al., 2018 [85], USA

Education

Qualitative descriptive with data collection via open-ended, structured interviews

Y

N

?

?

N

Snowden et al., 2020 [86], UK

Lifestyle

Education (education addressed briefly in the feasibility study qualitative component)

Mixed methods involving a non-randomized feasibility study followed by a pilot study (ratings for qualitative descriptive components of the feasibility study and pilot study with data collection via focus groups and interviews)

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Specht et al., 2016 [87], Denmark

Education

Phenomenological-hermeneutic with data collection via observations and semi-structured interviews

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Citation, country

Intervention type

Design^a

Random allocation appropriately performed

Groups comparable at baseline

Complete outcome data

Outcome assessors blinded

Participants adhered to assigned intervention

Aunger et al., 2020 [72]^d, UK

Lifestyle

Mixed methods feasibility study (ratings for quantitative component)

Y

?

?

N

?

das Nair et al., 2018 [45], UK

Psychological

Mixed methods feasibility study (ratings for quantitative component)

Y

Y

N

N

N

Eschalier et al., 2017 [48], France

Education

RCT

?

Y

Y

N

Y

Snowden et al., 2020 [86]^d, UK

Lifestyle

Education

Mixed methods involving a non-randomized feasibility study followed by a pilot study (ratings for quantitative component of pilot study)

Y

?

?

N

Y

Citation, country

Intervention type

Design^a

Participants representative of target population

Measurements appropriate

Complete outcome data

Confounders accounted for

Intervention administered as intended

Snowden et al., 2020 [86], UK

Lifestyle

Education

Mixed methods involving a non-randomized feasibility study followed by a pilot study (ratings for quantitative component of feasibility study)

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Citation, country

Intervention type

Design^a

Relevance of sampling strategy

Sample representative of target population

Measurements appropriate

Risk of non-response bias low

Statistical analysis appropriate

Barnes et al., 2018 [88], South Africa

Education

Cross-sectional survey with data collection via structured interviews

Y

?

N

?

Y

Causey-Upton et al., 2018 [89], USA

Education

Cross-sectional online “pilot” survey

N

N

Y

N

Y

Causey-Upton et al., 2020a [90], USA

Education

Explanatory sequential mixed methods (ratings for cross-sectional survey)

Y

?

Y

N

Y

Eschalier et al., 2013 [91], France

Education

Survey embedded within an intervention validation study

?

?

Y

?

Y

Huber et al., 2015b [92], Switzerland

Education

Questionnaire development and psychometric testing embedded within an RCT

?

?

Y

?

Y

Plenge et al., 2018 [93], South Africa

Lifestyle

Delphi study

N

N

Y

?

Y

SooHoo et al., 2011 [94], USA

Education

Modified Delphi study

Y

?

N

?

Y

Snowden et al., 2020 [86], UK

Lifestyle

Education

Mixed methods involving a non-randomized feasibility study followed by a pilot study (ratings for the COM-B questionnaire component of the intervention development)

?

?

Y

?

Y

Westby et al., 2018 [30], Canada

Education Exercise

Lifestyle

Modified Delphi study

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Citation, country

Intervention type

Design^a

Adequate rationale for mixed methods design

Different study components effectively integrated

Outputs of the integration adequately interpreted

Divergences and in-consistencies adequately addressed

Different components adhered to corresponding quality criteria

Aunger et al., 2020 [72], UK

Lifestyle

Mixed methods feasibility study (ratings for overall study)

Y

N

N

Y

N

Causey-Upton et al., 2020a [90], 2020b [77], USA

Education

Explanatory sequential mixed methods (ratings for overall study)

N

N

N

Y

N

das Nair et al., 2018 [45], UK

Psychological

Mixed methods feasibility study (ratings for overall study)

?

Y

Y

Y

N

Snowden et al., 2020 [86], UK

Lifestyle

Education

Mixed methods involving a non-randomized feasibility study followed by a pilot study (ratings for overall study)

?

Y

Y

Y

N