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Table 2 Secondary outcomes

From: Extracellular vesicles for ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from animal models

Outcomes

Observation

Study number

SMD (95%CI)

Q test

(P value)

Heterogeneity, I2

(P value)

Tubular injury score

Tubular necrosis, loss of brush border, cast formation and tubular dilatation

12

 − 2.21 (− 2.84, − 1.59)

0.002

61% (< 0.00001)

Kim-1

Biomarker for proximal tubular injury

3

 − 7.29 (− 12.45, − 2.13)

0.02

74% (0.006)

Tubular necrosis

Histological signs of tubular injury

5

 − 6.13 (− 9.72, − 2.53)

 < 0.0001

85% (0.0008)

Cast

Histological signs of tubular injury

6

 − 4.80 (− 7.10, − 2.50)

 < 0.0001

80% (< 0.00001)

TUNEL

TEC apoptosis

15

 − 3.36 (− 4.42, − 2.29)

 < 0.00001

91% (< 0.00001)

Ki67

TEC proliferation

6

1.57 (1.00, 2.13)

0.007

62% (< 0.00001)

PCNA

TEC proliferation

8

5.60 (3.71, 7.49)

 < 0.00001

86% (< 0.00001)

BrdU

TEC proliferation

3

4.19 (2.00, 6.37)

0.09

58% (0.0002)

vWF

A marker of endothelial injury

2

 − 3.88 (− 4.38, − 3.37)

0.77

0% (< 0.00001)

VEGF

Angiogenesis-related gene

2

3.32 (2.35, 4.28)

0.21

36% (< 0.00001)

Capillary density

Angiogenic capacity

2

1.47 (0.52, 2.42)

0.34

0% (0.002)

CD68+macrophages

Inflammatory response

3

 − 7.69 (− 11.14, − 4.24)

 < 0.00001

96% (< 0.00001)

iNOS

a biomarker for M1-polarized macrophages

2

 − 2.05 (− 3.35, − 0.75)

0.3

16% (0.002)

IL-1β mRNA

pro-inflammatory cytokine

2

 − 2.28 (− 4.38, − 0.17)

0.0006

87% (0.03)

TNF-α mRNA

pro-inflammatory molecule

2

 − 3.47 (− 5.44, − 1.50)

0.19

41% (0.0005)

Fibrosis score

The degree of interstitial fibrosis

2

 − 4.39 (− 6.11, − 2.67)

0.58

0% (< 0.00001)

α-SMA

A myofibroblast marker involved in renal fibrosis

2

 − 4.14 (− 6.87, − 1.42)

 < 0.00001

95% (0.003)

ROS

Oxidative stress

2

 − 1.76 (− 2.61, − 0.92)

0.37

1% (< 0.0001)

Mitochondrial fragmentation

Mitochondrial antioxidant defense

3

 − 3.04 (− 4.51, − 1.57)

0.13

47% (< 0.0001)

  1. Kim-1, kidney injury molecule-1; TEC, tubular epithelial cell; TUNEL, transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling; PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen; BrdU, Bromodeoxyuridine; vWF, von Willebrand Factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; α-SMA, alpha-smooth muscle actin; ROS, reactive oxygen species