Outcomes | Observation | Study number | SMD (95%CI) | Q test (P value) | Heterogeneity, I2 (P value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tubular injury score | Tubular necrosis, loss of brush border, cast formation and tubular dilatation | 12 |  − 2.21 (− 2.84, − 1.59) | 0.002 | 61% (< 0.00001) |
Kim-1 | Biomarker for proximal tubular injury | 3 |  − 7.29 (− 12.45, − 2.13) | 0.02 | 74% (0.006) |
Tubular necrosis | Histological signs of tubular injury | 5 |  − 6.13 (− 9.72, − 2.53) |  < 0.0001 | 85% (0.0008) |
Cast | Histological signs of tubular injury | 6 |  − 4.80 (− 7.10, − 2.50) |  < 0.0001 | 80% (< 0.00001) |
TUNEL | TEC apoptosis | 15 |  − 3.36 (− 4.42, − 2.29) |  < 0.00001 | 91% (< 0.00001) |
Ki67 | TEC proliferation | 6 | 1.57 (1.00, 2.13) | 0.007 | 62% (< 0.00001) |
PCNA | TEC proliferation | 8 | 5.60 (3.71, 7.49) |  < 0.00001 | 86% (< 0.00001) |
BrdU | TEC proliferation | 3 | 4.19 (2.00, 6.37) | 0.09 | 58% (0.0002) |
vWF | A marker of endothelial injury | 2 |  − 3.88 (− 4.38, − 3.37) | 0.77 | 0% (< 0.00001) |
VEGF | Angiogenesis-related gene | 2 | 3.32 (2.35, 4.28) | 0.21 | 36% (< 0.00001) |
Capillary density | Angiogenic capacity | 2 | 1.47 (0.52, 2.42) | 0.34 | 0% (0.002) |
CD68+macrophages | Inflammatory response | 3 |  − 7.69 (− 11.14, − 4.24) |  < 0.00001 | 96% (< 0.00001) |
iNOS | a biomarker for M1-polarized macrophages | 2 |  − 2.05 (− 3.35, − 0.75) | 0.3 | 16% (0.002) |
IL-1β mRNA | pro-inflammatory cytokine | 2 |  − 2.28 (− 4.38, − 0.17) | 0.0006 | 87% (0.03) |
TNF-α mRNA | pro-inflammatory molecule | 2 |  − 3.47 (− 5.44, − 1.50) | 0.19 | 41% (0.0005) |
Fibrosis score | The degree of interstitial fibrosis | 2 |  − 4.39 (− 6.11, − 2.67) | 0.58 | 0% (< 0.00001) |
α-SMA | A myofibroblast marker involved in renal fibrosis | 2 |  − 4.14 (− 6.87, − 1.42) |  < 0.00001 | 95% (0.003) |
ROS | Oxidative stress | 2 |  − 1.76 (− 2.61, − 0.92) | 0.37 | 1% (< 0.0001) |
Mitochondrial fragmentation | Mitochondrial antioxidant defense | 3 |  − 3.04 (− 4.51, − 1.57) | 0.13 | 47% (< 0.0001) |