Table 4 Analysis of ophthalmological manifestations of children with DS by age
Author | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afifi et al. | Total | Horio et al. | Terai et al. | Liza-Sharmini et al. | Nogueira-Pires da Cunha et al. | Afifi et al. | Total | Aslan et al. | Nogueira-Pires da Cunha et al. | Total | Nogueira-Pires da Cunha et al. | Horio et al. | Total | |
Ages | < 1 years | ≤ 6 years | 0 to < 4 years | 0 to < 5 years | 0 to 4 years | 1 to 5 years | 4 to 12 years | 5 to 11 years | 12 to 18 years | 13 to 19 years | ||||
Cycloplegia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
N | 35 | 35 | 277 | 204 | 60 | 84 | 46 | 671 | 90 | 57 | 147 | 11 | 29 | 40 |
Emmetropia | - | - | 71 | 43 | - | - | - | 24% | 35 | - | 39% | - | 9 | 31% |
Anisometropia | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3 | - | 3% | - | - | - |
Myopia | 2 | 6% | 62 | 23 | 4 | 10 | 5 | 15% | 20 | 7 | 18% | 2 | 16 | 45% |
Hyperopia | 6 | 17% | 144 | 248 | 4 | 30 | 8 | 65% | 33 | 7 | 27% | 2 | 4 | 15% |
Astigmatism | 2 | 6% | 238 | 239 | 0 | 42 | 8 | 79% | 16 | 42 | 39% | 7 | 27 | 85% |
Amblyopia | - | - | - | - | - | 18 | - | 21% | - | 8 | 14% | 3 | - | 27% |
Oblique fissure | - | - | - | - | - | 65 | - | 77% | - | 51 | 89% | 9 | - | 82% |
Iris abnormalities | - | - | - | - | - | 33 | - | 39% | - | 37 | 65% | 9 | - | 82% |
Epicanthus | - | - | - | - | - | 53 | - | 63% | - | 35 | 61% | 4 | - | 36% |
Nystagmus | 1 | 3% | - | - | - | 17 | 2 | 15% | 7 | 7 | 10% | 4 | - | 36% |
Strabismus | 4 | 11% | - | - | - | 27 | 7 | 26% | 30 | 21 | 35% | 9 | - | 82% |
Esotropia | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 21 | - | 23% | - | - | - |
Exotropia | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4 | - | 4% | - | - | - |
Cataract | 0 | 0% | - | - | - | 2 | 4 | 5% | 7 | 10 | 12% | 8 | - | 73% |
Nasolacrimal duct obstruction | 11 | 31% | - | - | - | 29 | 12 | 32% | - | 14 | 25% | 3 | - | 27% |
Optic nerve dysplasia | 1 | 3% | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0% | - | - | - | - | - | |
Blepharitis | - | - | - | - | - | 24 | - | 29% | - | 18 | 32% | 3 | - | 27% |
Blepharoconjunctivitis | 11 | 31% | - | - | - | - | 12 | 26% | - | - | - | - | - | |
Retinal abnormalities | - | - | - | - | - | 22 | - | 26% | - | 17 | 30% | 3 | - | 27% |
Vertical deviation | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 7 | - | 8% | - | - | - |