Table 3 Prevalence of ocular manifestations in children with DS

Refraction

Emmetropia

233

1078

21.61%

Anisometropia

360

1407

25.59%

Myopia

534

2482

21.51%

Hyperopia

727

1996

36.42%

Astigmatism

922

2480

37.18%

Mixed refractive error

75

140

53.57%^a

Antimetropia

2

91

2.19%^a

Amblyopia

66

498

13.25%

Low vision best eye (CF or less)

9

265

3.40%

Eye movements and ocular alignment

Nystagmus

318

2041

15.58%

Strabismus

775

2311

33.54%

Esotropia

542

1955

27.72%

Intermittent esotropia

19

138

13.77%

Exotropia

85

1815

4.68%

Intermittent exotropia

1

138

0.72%

Vertical deviation

82

1131

7.25%

Abnormal head posture

53

966

5.49%

Eyelid and annexa

Ptosis

10

392

2.55%

Oblique fissure

196

225

87.11%

Slanting fissures

436

483

90.27%

Epicanthus

779

1005

77.51%

Epiblepharon

289

405

71.36%

Nasolacrimal duct obstruction

154

1063

14.49%

Blepharitis

219

515

42.52%

Conjunctivitis

4

60

6.67%

Blepharoconjunctivitis

120

852

14.08%

Epiphora

14

65

21.54%

Entropion

1

60

1.67%

Chalazion

3

217

1.38%

Floppy eyelid

33

182

18.13%

Stye

2

60

3.33%

Cornea

Keratoconus

4

916

0.44%

Superficial punctate keratitis

58

123

47.15%^a

Corneal leukoma

4

365

1.10%

Microcornea

1

157

0.64%

Iris

Iris abnormalities

83

424

19.58%

Brushfield spots

23

654

3.52%

Lens

Cataract

191

1760

10.85%

Optic nerve

Glaucoma

11

925

1.19%

Hypoplastic fovea

6

65

9.23%^a

Supernumerary optic disk vessels

37

153

24.18%^a

Optic nerve dysplasia

2

90

2.22%^a

Optic disk pallor

6

222

2.70%

Tilted disc

1

157

0.63%^a

Peripapillary vascular abnormalities

13

222

5.85%^a

Pseudopapilledema

2

77

2.60%

Retina

Retinal pigment epithelium hyperplasia

6

188

3.19%

Tigroid fundus

80

222

36.03%^a

Retinal detachment

2

137

1.46%

Retinal vessel abnormalities

29

188

15.43%

Retinal abnormalities

52

309

16.83%

Myelinated nerve fiber

1

222

0.45%^a

Retinoblastoma

1

60

1.66%^a

Myopic chorioretinitis

1

157

0.63%^a

Retinal vessel tortuosity

1

157

0.63%^a

Preretinal hemorrhage

1

157

0.63%^a

Uvea

Uveitis

1

60

1.66%^a

Chorioretinal coloboma

1

77

1.29%^a

Other

Microphthalmos

1

157

0.63%^a