Author | Year | Location | Purpose | Design | N | DS diagnosis | Ages | Refraction under cycloplegic | Ametropia definition (D) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afifi et al. | 2013 | Egypt | Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS | Prevalence | 90 | Karyotype | 3 months to 10 years | Yes | Myopia: SE > −1.50 Hyperopia: SE > +1.00 Astigmatism: CD > 1.50 |
Akinci et al. | 2009 | Turkey | Prevalence of refractive errors, strabismus, nystagmus, and congenital cataract in the pediatric population with DS | Comparative cross-sectional | 77 | Clinical and genetic diagnosis | 1 to 17 years | Yes | Myopia: SE > −0.50 Hyperopia: SE > +2.00 Astigmatism: CD > 1.00 |
Aslan et al. | 2013 | Turkey | Prevalence of preventable visual impairment in children with cognitive disability (including children with DS) | Comparative cross-sectional | 90 | Karyotype | 4 to 12 years | Yes | Emmetropia: SE −1.00 to +1.00 Myopia: SE > −1.00 Hyperopia: SE > +1.00 Astigmatism: CD > 1.00 |
Fimiani et al. | 2007 | Italy | Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS | Prevalence | 157 | Karyotype | 1 month to 18 years | Yes | Emmetropia: SE −0.75 to +0.75 Myopia: SE > −0.75 Hyperopia: SE > +0.75 Astigmatism: CD > 0.75 |
González-Viejo et al. | 1996 | Spain | Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS | Comparative cross-sectional | 60 | The pediatrician remitted the children with DS diagnosis | Mean 7.91, SD 4 | Yes | ND |
Haugen et al. | 2001 | Norway | Prevalence of strabismus and binocular function in children with DS | Prevalence | 60 | ND | 3 months to 5 years | Yes | ND |
Horio et al. | 2018 | Japan | Prevalence of refractive errors in children with DS | Prevalence | 416 | The pediatrician remitted the children with DS diagnosis | 0 to 19 years | Yes | Emmetropia: −0.100 to +0.100 Myopia: Sph > −0.100 Hyperopia: Sph > +0.100 Astigmatism: CD > 0.100 |
Karlica et al. | 2011 | Croatia | Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS | Prevalence | 153 | Children belonged to a DS association | 0 to 18 years | Yes | Myopia: Sph > 0.00 Hyperopia: Sph > 0.00 Astigmatism: CD > 0.00 |
Kim et al. | 2002 | South Korea | Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS | Prevalence | 123 | Karyotype | 6 months to 14 years | Yes | Myopia: SE > −0.75 Hyperopia: SE > +0.75 Astigmatism: CD > 0.75 |
Kim et al. | 2009 | South Korea | Prevalence of refractive errors and strabismus in children with DS | Prevalence | 148 | ND | < 3 to 9 years | Yes | Emmetropia: −0.100 to +0.100 Myopia: Sph > −0.100 Hyperopia: Sph > +0.100 Astigmatism: CD > 0.100 |
Kranjc | 2012 | Slovenia | Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS | Prevalence | 65 | Karyotype | 2 months to 13 years | Yes | Myopia: SE > −3.00 Hyperopia: SE> +3.00 |
Liza-Sharmini et al. | 2006 | Malaysia | Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS | Prevalence | 60 | Clinical and genetic diagnosis | 0 to 17 years | Yes | Myopia: SE > −0.50 Hyperopia: SE > +0.50 Astigmatism: CD > 0.50 |
Makateb et al. | 2019 | Iran | Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS | Prevalence | 182 | Karyotype | 10 to 20 years | Yes | Myopia: SE > −0.50 Hyperopia: SE > +0.50 Astigmatism: CD > 0.50 |
Mohd-Ali et al. | 2006 | Malaysia | Prevalence of refractive errors and strabismus in children with DS | Prevalence | 73 | ND | 1 to 12 years | Yes | Emmetropia: SE +2.00 to −0.25 Astigmatism: CD > 1.00 |
Nogueira-Pires-da-Cunha et al. | 1995 | Brazil | Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS | Prevalence | 152 | Karyotype | 0 to 18 years | Yes | Emmetropia: SE −0.50 to −0.50 Myopia: SE > −0.50 Hyperopia: SE > +0.50 Astigmatism: SE > 0.50 |
Nwokedi et al. | 2018 | Nigeria | Prevalence of refractive errors in children with DS | Prevalence | 91 | Children belonged to a DS foundation | 5 to 18 years | No | Myopia: SE > −0.75 Hyperopia: SE > +0.75 Astigmatism: CD > 0.75 |
Puig et al. | 2002 | Spain | Prevalence of ametropia and strabismus in children with DS | Prevalence | 546 | Children belonged to a DS foundation | 1 month to 18 years | Yes | Myopia: SE > −0.00 Hyperopia: SE > +0.75 Astigmatism: CD > 2.00 |
Roizen et al. | 1994 | USA | Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS | Prevalence | 77 | The pediatrician remitted the children with DS diagnosis | 2 months to 19 years | Yes | < 3 y.o hyperopia if > +3.00 Astigmatism: CD > 1.5 |
Terai et al. | 2018 | Japan | Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS | Prevalence | 222 | Karyotype | 3 months to 19 years | Yes | Myopia: Sph > −0.100 Hyperopia: Sph > +0.100 Astigmatism: CD > 0.100 |
Tsiaras et al. | 1999 | USA | Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS | Prevalence | 68 | Karyotype | 5 to 19 years | Yes | Hyperopia: SE > +4.00 Astigmatism: CD > 1.75 |
Ugurlu et al. | 2020 | Turkey | Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS | Comparative cross-sectional | 44 | ND | 7 to 18 years | Yes | Astigmatism: CD > 1.00 |
Wong et al. | 1997 | China | Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS | Prevalence | 140 | Karyotype | 3 months to 13 years | Yes | ND |