Skip to main content

Table 1 Characteristics and measures of the included studies

From: Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in pediatric and adolescent populations with Down syndrome: a systematic review of the literature

Author

Year

Location

Purpose

Design

N

DS diagnosis

Ages

Refraction under cycloplegic

Ametropia definition (D)

Afifi et al.

2013

Egypt

Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS

Prevalence

90

Karyotype

3 months to 10 years

Yes

Myopia: SE > −1.50

Hyperopia: SE > +1.00

Astigmatism: CD > 1.50

Akinci et al.

2009

Turkey

Prevalence of refractive errors, strabismus, nystagmus, and congenital cataract in the pediatric population with DS

Comparative cross-sectional

77

Clinical and genetic diagnosis

1 to 17 years

Yes

Myopia: SE > −0.50

Hyperopia: SE > +2.00

Astigmatism: CD > 1.00

Aslan et al.

2013

Turkey

Prevalence of preventable visual impairment in children with cognitive disability (including children with DS)

Comparative cross-sectional

90

Karyotype

4 to 12 years

Yes

Emmetropia: SE −1.00 to +1.00

Myopia: SE > −1.00

Hyperopia: SE > +1.00

Astigmatism: CD > 1.00

Fimiani et al.

2007

Italy

Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS

Prevalence

157

Karyotype

1 month to 18 years

Yes

Emmetropia: SE −0.75 to +0.75

Myopia: SE > −0.75

Hyperopia: SE > +0.75

Astigmatism: CD > 0.75

González-Viejo et al.

1996

Spain

Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS

Comparative cross-sectional

60

The pediatrician remitted the children with DS diagnosis

Mean 7.91, SD 4

Yes

ND

Haugen et al.

2001

Norway

Prevalence of strabismus and binocular function in children with DS

Prevalence

60

ND

3 months to 5 years

Yes

ND

Horio et al.

2018

Japan

Prevalence of refractive errors in children with DS

Prevalence

416

The pediatrician remitted the children with DS diagnosis

0 to 19 years

Yes

Emmetropia: −0.100 to +0.100

Myopia: Sph > −0.100

Hyperopia: Sph > +0.100

Astigmatism: CD > 0.100

Karlica et al.

2011

Croatia

Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS

Prevalence

153

Children belonged to a DS association

0 to 18 years

Yes

Myopia: Sph > 0.00

Hyperopia: Sph > 0.00

Astigmatism: CD > 0.00

Kim et al.

2002

South Korea

Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS

Prevalence

123

Karyotype

6 months to 14 years

Yes

Myopia: SE > −0.75

Hyperopia: SE > +0.75

Astigmatism: CD > 0.75

Kim et al.

2009

South Korea

Prevalence of refractive errors and strabismus in children with DS

Prevalence

148

ND

< 3 to 9 years

Yes

Emmetropia: −0.100 to +0.100

Myopia: Sph > −0.100

Hyperopia: Sph > +0.100

Astigmatism: CD > 0.100

Kranjc

2012

Slovenia

Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS

Prevalence

65

Karyotype

2 months to 13 years

Yes

Myopia: SE > −3.00

Hyperopia: SE> +3.00

Liza-Sharmini et al.

2006

Malaysia

Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS

Prevalence

60

Clinical and genetic diagnosis

0 to 17 years

Yes

Myopia: SE > −0.50

Hyperopia: SE > +0.50

Astigmatism: CD > 0.50

Makateb et al.

2019

Iran

Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS

Prevalence

182

Karyotype

10 to 20 years

Yes

Myopia: SE > −0.50

Hyperopia: SE > +0.50

Astigmatism: CD > 0.50

Mohd-Ali et al.

2006

Malaysia

Prevalence of refractive errors and strabismus in children with DS

Prevalence

73

ND

1 to 12 years

Yes

Emmetropia: SE +2.00 to −0.25

Astigmatism: CD > 1.00

Nogueira-Pires-da-Cunha et al.

1995

Brazil

Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS

Prevalence

152

Karyotype

0 to 18 years

Yes

Emmetropia: SE −0.50 to −0.50

Myopia: SE > −0.50

Hyperopia: SE > +0.50

Astigmatism: SE > 0.50

Nwokedi et al.

2018

Nigeria

Prevalence of refractive errors in children with DS

Prevalence

91

Children belonged to a DS foundation

5 to 18 years

No

Myopia: SE > −0.75

Hyperopia: SE > +0.75

Astigmatism: CD > 0.75

Puig et al.

2002

Spain

Prevalence of ametropia and strabismus in children with DS

Prevalence

546

Children belonged to a DS foundation

1 month to 18 years

Yes

Myopia: SE > −0.00

Hyperopia: SE > +0.75

Astigmatism: CD > 2.00

Roizen et al.

1994

USA

Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS

Prevalence

77

The pediatrician remitted the children with DS diagnosis

2 months to 19 years

Yes

< 3 y.o hyperopia if > +3.00

Astigmatism: CD > 1.5

Terai et al.

2018

Japan

Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS

Prevalence

222

Karyotype

3 months to 19 years

Yes

Myopia: Sph > −0.100

Hyperopia: Sph > +0.100

Astigmatism: CD > 0.100

Tsiaras et al.

1999

USA

Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS

Prevalence

68

Karyotype

5 to 19 years

Yes

Hyperopia: SE > +4.00

Astigmatism: CD > 1.75

Ugurlu et al.

2020

Turkey

Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS

Comparative cross-sectional

44

ND

7 to 18 years

Yes

Astigmatism: CD > 1.00

Wong et al.

1997

China

Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in children with DS

Prevalence

140

Karyotype

3 months to 13 years

Yes

ND

  1. SE spherical equivalent, CD cylindric diopter, ND no data