Table 1 Study characteristics
| Â | Origin | Study design | Setting | For women only? | No. of women randomised (% total randomised) | Tailored for low SES? | Mean age, years | Baseline cigarettes per day, mean | Intervention condition | Control condition | Pharmaco-therapy offered to intervention group? | Outcome | Length of intervention ((post randomisation) | Follow-up (post-randomisation) | Bio-chemical verification | SES measure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andrews et al. 2016 [48] | USA | Two-group pragmatic cluster RCT | Subsidised neighbourhoods | Yes | 409 (100%) | Yes | 42 | 12.7 | Face-to-face individual, group support, NRT, neighbourhood anti-smoking activities | Written materials | NRT | 7-day point prevalence | 6 months | 6 months, 12 months | Yes | Residence in public housing neighbourhood |
Bernstein et al. 2015 [47] | USA | Two-group RCT | Urban emergency department | No | 407 (52.2%) | Yes | No female only info | No female only information | Brief face-to-face motivational interviews, referral to phoneline, NRT | Written materials and phone line number | NRT | 7-day point prevalence | 3 months | 3 months | Yes | Receipt of Medicaid or held no insurance |
Collins et al. 2019 [49] | USA | Two-group RCT | Paediatric primary care community clinics and community | Yes | 300 (100%) | Yes | 29.4 | 12.3 | Face-to-face and phone motivational interviews, written material | Brief advice, written material | No | 7-day point prevalence | 4 months | 4 months | Yes | Low-income, racial minority communities |
Curry et al. 2003 [50] | USA | Two-group RCT | Paediatric clinics serving ethnically diverse populations of low-income families | Yes | 303 (100%) | Yes | 34 | 12.1 | Face-to-face motivational interviewing, telephone support, written material | Usual care | No | 7-day point prevalence | 3 months | 3 months, 12 months | No | Ethnically diverse population of low-income families |
Etter et al. 2016 [51] | Switzerland | Two-group RCT | Low-income smokers in the general population | No | 415 (51.4%) | Yes | No female only info | No female only information | Signed ‘contract to quit’, social supporter designated (friend/family), written materials, website access and escalating financial incentives (gift cards) | Written materials and website access | No | Continued abstinence between 6 and 18 months | 6 months | 6 months | Yes | Income ≤ 50,000 Swiss francs (CHF) ($55,000, single) or CHF ≤ 100,000 ($110,000, married). |
Gilbert et al. 2017 [46]a | England, UK | Two-group RCT | NHS Stop Smoking Services and general practices in England | No | Women in high deprivation1075 (24.5) All women in RCT 2152 (49.1) | No | All women in sample (not just low SES): 48.0 | Not available | Tailored, personalised letter from GP to attend ‘Come and Try It’ taster, repeated letter 3 months later | Generic letter from GP advertising local Stop Smoking Service and available therapies | No | 7-day point prevalence | Letter sent at start of study and reminder sent at 3 months | 6 months | Yes | Index of Multiple Deprivation score (IMD), official measure of multiple deprivations at the small-area level. |
Glasgow et al. 2000 [52] | USA | Two-group RCT | 4 Planned Parenthood clinics | Yes | 1154 (100%) | Yes | 24 | 12 | Brief behavioural support, clinician advice, written materials, telephone support. | Written materials and advice | No | 30-day point prevalence | 6 weeks | 6 weeks, 6 months | Yes | Clinics serves low-income women |
Haas et al. 2015 [53] | USA | Two-group RCT | Primary care practices in the Greater Boston area (6 community health centres, 2 community-based practices, 4 hospital-based practices, and 1 medical home) | No | 482 (68.2%) | Yes | No female only information | No female only information | Motivational interviewing telephone support and NRT | Usual care | NRT | 7-day point prevalence | 1 ½ months | 9 months | No | Residence in a low (<$45 000) or moderate ($45 000-$67 050) median household income census tract |
Manfredi et al. 2004 [54] | USA | Two-group cluster RCT | Prenatal, family planning and paediatric services in public health clinics in Chicago and two suburbs | Yes | 1068 (100%) | Yes | 29 | 11 | Telephone support, reminder letter, posters, video, advice, written materials and signature on patient-provider agreement form. | Advice, written materials, posters, video | No | 7-day point prevalent abstinence | 5–8 weeks | 2 months, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months | No | Attendance at public health clinic |
Solomon et al. 2000 [55] | USA | Two-group RCT | Community | Yes | 214 (100%) | Yes | 33 | 23.7 | NRT, telephone support | NRT | NRT | 7-day point prevalent abstinence | 3 months | 3 months and 6 months | Yes | Medicaid-eligible |
Solomon et al. 2005 [56] | USA | Two-group RCT | Community | Yes | 330 (100%) | Yes | 34.2 | 23.6 | NRT, telephone support | NRT | NRT | 7-day point prevalent abstinence | 4 months | 3 months and 6 months | No | Medicaid-eligible |