Table 2 Determinants of inequality in the utilization and provision of dental services in OECD countries
From: Inequalities in utilization and provision of dental services: a scoping review
Main themes | Sub-themes | Sub-sub themes | Number of articles |
|---|---|---|---|
Utilization of services | |||
Individual determinants | Demographic determinants | Gender | 18 |
Race and ethnicity | 25 | ||
Nationality/mother nationality | 4 | ||
Age | 42 | ||
Marital status | 3 | ||
Self-rated health status | Functional abilities | 4 | |
Quality of life | 3 | ||
Special health needs/minorities | 3 | ||
Oral health status | 10 | ||
Disease and health status | 8 | ||
Social determinants | Social status | Residential location | 20 |
Vulnerable groups | 9 | ||
Population density | 1 | ||
Occupation/employment | 5 | ||
Immigrant and refugees | 11 | ||
Literacy | Education level | 32 | |
Health literacy | 4 | ||
Economic determinants | Micro-economic | Income | 58 |
Wealth | 7 | ||
Poverty | 11 | ||
Macro-economic | Macro-economic crisis/condition | 5 | |
Macroeconomic revenue collection | 1 | ||
Gini index | 5 | ||
GDP per capita/country revenue | 2 | ||
Economic disparities | 4 | ||
Cultural determinants | Macro cultural factors | Time and technology | 9 |
Environmental condition | 1 | ||
Micro cultural factors | Oral health behavior | 6 | |
Primary language spoken (fluency) | 5 | ||
Lifestyle | 6 | ||
Attitude | 8 | ||
Provision of services | |||
Health policy | Policy implementation | Appropriate policies | 7 |
Target population concentration | 1 | ||
National interventions | 8 | ||
Policy formulation | Health basic insurance/public insurance | 13 | |
Supplementary insurance | 35 | ||
Private insurance | 5 | ||
Cardholder status | 2 | ||
Availability of services | Type of available services | Advice services/regular visiting pattern | 10 |
Emergency visits | 7 | ||
Service coverage | 4 | ||
Specialized services | 8 | ||
Preventive care | 13 | ||
Pharmacists consultation | 1 | ||
School dental nurses and dental hygienists | 1 | ||
Distribution of services | Geographic location/dentist distribution | 15 | |
Distribution of dental schools | 3 | ||
Management of services | Inadequate private services | 1 | |
Waiting time in public sector | 2 | ||
Cost of service | 11 | ||
Service satisfaction | 1 | ||
Dentists recall and follow-up | 2 | ||