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Table 5 Subgroup analysis

From: Obstructive sleep apnea increases the risk of cardiovascular damage: a systematic review and meta-analysis of imaging studies

Echocardiographic parameters

Subgroup

N

SMD (95% CI)

p value

Study heterogeneity

I2

χ2

p value

LAVI

Overall

6

0.307 (0.096, 0.518)

0.004

89.50%

47.49

 < 0.001

Age

      

Age ≥ 50

2

0.598 (− 0.070, 1.265)

0.886

9.6%

10.17

0.293

Age < 50

4

0.962 (− 0.054, 1.978)

0.064

92.7%

41.05

 < 0.001

BMI

      

BMI ≥ 30

3

1.121 (− 0.585, 2.828)

0.198

95.6%

45.02

 < 0.001

BMI < 30

3

0.262 (− 0.026, 0.550)

0.075

11.0%

2.25

0.325

LVM

Overall

7

0.558 (0.403, 0.712)

 < 0.001

87.3%

47.42

 < 0.001

Age

      

Age ≥ 50

5

0.648 (− 0.007, 1.371)

0.079

90.5%

42.10

 < 0.001

Age < 50

2

0.593 (0.121, 1.066)

0.001

0.0%

0.60

0.438

BMI

      

BMI ≥ 30

2

0.593 (0.121, 1.066)

0.224

94.9%

19.65

 < 0.001

BMI < 30

5

0.382 (0.121, 0.644)

0.004

37.9%

6.44

0.168

LVMI

Overall

23

0.478 (0.242, 0.714)

 < 0.001

81.3%

117.7

 < 0.001

Age

      

Age ≥ 50

11

0.332 (− 0.047, 0.712)

0.086

85.7%

69.94

 < 0.001

Age < 50

12

0.619 (0.242, 0.714)

 < 0.001

71.1%

38.06

 < 0.001

BMI

      

BMI ≥ 30

7

0.211 (− 0.227, 0.650)

0.345

83.0%

35.29

 < 0.001

 

BMI < 30

16

0.598 (0.311, 0.884)

 < 0.001

81.2%

79.94

 < 0.001

IVSD

Overall

24

0.471 (0.195, 0.747)

0.001

87.1%

177.71

 < 0.001

Age

      

Age ≥ 50

10

0.569 (− 0.007, 1.145)

0.053

93.6%

141.06

 < 0.001

Age < 50

14

0.396 (0.166, 0.626)

0.001

64.5%

36.60

 < 0.001

BMI

      

BMI ≥ 30

10

0.471 (0.195, 0.747)

0.005

83.0%

52.84

 < 0.001

BMI < 30

14

0.446 (0.046, 0.846)

0.029

88.4%

112.43

 < 0.001

PWD

Overall

22

0.602 (0.328, 0.875)

 < 0.001

86.7%

157.47

 < 0.001

Age

      

Age ≥ 50

9

0.712 (0.084, 1.340)

0.026

93.7%

127.17

 < 0.001

Age < 50

13

0.511 (0.304, 0.718)

 < 0.001

58.8%

29.11

0.004

BMI

      

BMI ≥ 30

8

0.356 (− 0.276, 0.988)

0.270

92.9%

98.19

 < 0.001

BMI < 30

14

0.730 (0.504, 0.955)

 < 0.001

68.0%

40.68

 < 0.001

LVEF

Overall

39

 − 0.238 (− 0.379, − 0.097)

0.001

73.4%

142.76

 < 0.001

Age

      

Age ≥ 50

16

 − 0.142 (− 0.378, 0.094)

0.238

80.5%

76.92

 < 0.001

Age < 50

23

 − 0.310 (− 0.476, − 0.143)

 < 0.001

62.8%

59.07

 < 0.001

BMI

      

BMI ≥ 30

13

 − 0.254 (− 0.630, 0.121)

0.184

87.5%

95.72

0.005

BMI < 30

26

 − 0.239 (− 0.358, − 0.120)

 < 0.001

46.4%

46.63

 < 0.001

LV MPI

Overall

8

0.687 (0.371, 1.004)

 < 0.001

74.4%

27.38

 < 0.001

Age

      

Age ≥ 50

2

0.456 (− 0.413, 1.326)

0.304

92.4%

13.09

 < 0.001

Age < 50

6

0.773 (0.426, 1.121)

 < 0.001

63.0%

13.50

0.019

BMI

      

BMI ≥ 30

4

0.663 (0.091, 1.235)

0.023

80.9%

15.72

0.001

BMI < 30

4

0.734 (0.363, 1.105)

 < 0.001

66.7%

9.02

0.029

RVD

Overall

15

0.725 (0.605, 0.845)

 < 0.001

82.7%

80.8

 < 0.001

Age

      

Age ≥ 50

11

0.678 (0.318, 1.039)

 < 0.001

70.2%

10.06

0.018

Age < 50

4

0.873 (0.454, 1.293)

 < 0.001

85.5%

69.08

 < 0.001

BMI

      

BMI ≥ 30

8

0.922 (0.442, 1.403)

 < 0.001

87.0%

53.65

 < 0.001

BMI < 30

7

0.676 (0.329, 1.023)

 < 0.001

72.6%

21.93

0.001

RV MPI

Overall

8

0.881 (0.487, 1.274)

 < 0.001

79.4%

33.98

 < 0.001

Age

      

Age ≥ 50

3

0.723 (− 0.151, 1.597)

0.105

89.9%

19.70

 < 0.001

Age < 50

5

0.973 (0.586, 1.359)

 < 0.001

62.8%

10.75

0.029

BMI

      

BMI ≥ 30

5

0.651 (0.161, 1.141)

0.009

80.1%

20.07

 < 0.001

BMI < 30

3

1.226 (0.879, 1.572)

 < 0.001

20.5%

2.52

0.284

TAPSE

Overall

10

 − 0.481 (− 0.810, − 0.152)

0.004

79.0%

42.9

 < 0.001

Age

      

Age ≥ 50

4

 − 0.476 (− 1.137, 0.185)

0.158

74.2%

23.27

 < 0.001

Age < 50

6

 − 0.488 (− 0.874, − 0.102)

0.013

87.1%

19.38

0.002

BMI

      

BMI ≥ 30

5

 − 0.357 (− 0.896, 0.182)

0.194

85.0%

26.74

 < 0.001

BMI < 30

5

 − 0.610 (− 0.987, − 0.232)

0.002

66.2%

11.84

0.019

  1. IVSD interventricular septum diameter, LAD left atrial diameter, LAVI left atrium volume index, LVM left ventricular mass, LVMI left ventricular mass index, LV MPI left ventricular myocardial performance index, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, OSA obstructive sleep apnea, PWD posterior wall diameter, SMD standardized mean difference, RVD right ventricular diameter, RV FAC right ventricular fractional area change, RV MPI right ventricular myocardial performance index, TAPSE tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion
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Systematic Reviews

ISSN: 2046-4053