Obstructive sleep apnea increases the risk of cardiovascular damage: a systematic review and meta-analysis of imaging studies

Table 4 Results of the meta-analysis comparing OSA patients and controls

Echocardiographic parameters	Number of studies	OSA/control	SMD (95% CI)	p value	Study heterogeneity			Egger’s test p value
Echocardiographic parameters	Number of studies	OSA/control	SMD (95% CI)	p value	I²	χ²	p value	Egger’s test p value
LAD (mm)	13	1107/317	0.385 (0.252, 0.518)	< 0.001	39.1%	19.72	0.073	0.757
LAVI (ml/m²)	6	238/163	0.307 (0.096, 0.518)	0.004	89.50%	47.49	< 0.001	0.036
LVESD (mm)	24	1526/620	0.323 (0.223, 0.422)	< 0.001	0.00%	14.8	0.902	0.646
LVEDD (mm)	18	918/406	0.126 (0.003, 0.249)	0.044	0.00%	13.98	0.669	0.638
LVM (g)	7	708/612	0.558 (0.403, 0.712)	< 0.001	87.3%	47.42	< 0.001	0.807
LVMI (g/m²)	23	1515/641	0.478 (0.242, 0.714)	< 0.001	81.3%	117.7	< 0.001	0.562
IVSD (mm)	24	1375/808	0.471 (0.195, 0.747)	0.001	87.1%	177.71	< 0.001	0.021
PWD (mm)	22	1348/1047	0.602 (0.328, 0.875)	< 0.001	86.7%	157.47	< 0.001	0.087
LVEF (%)	39	2552/1737	− 0.238 (− 0.379, − 0.097)	0.001	73.4%	142.76	< 0.001	0.465
LV MPI	8	512/385	0.687 (0.371, 1.004)	< 0.001	74.4%	27.38	< 0.001	0.915
RVD (mm)	15	845/470	0.725 (0.605, 0.845)	< 0.001	82.7%	80.8	< 0.001	0.184
RV MPI	8	303/346	0.881 (0.487, 1.274)	< 0.001	79.4%	33.98	< 0.001	0.052
TAPSE	10	435/419	− 0.481 (− 0.810, − 0.152)	0.004	79.0%	42.9	< 0.001	0.12
RV FAC	5	762/234	− 0.399 (− 0.553, − 0.246)	< 0.001	0.00%	2.59	0.629	0.222

IVSD interventricular septum diameter, LAD left atrial diameter, LAVI left atrium volume index, LVEDD left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, LVESD left ventricular end-systolic diameter, LVM left ventricular mass, LVMI left ventricular mass index, LV MPI left ventricular myocardial performance index, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, OSA obstructive sleep apnea, PWD posterior wall diameter, SMD standardized mean difference, RVD right ventricular diameter, RV FAC right ventricular fractional area change, RV MPI right ventricular myocardial performance index, TAPSE tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion

ISSN: 2046-4053