Table 3 Risk-of-bias (RoB) levels based on proportion of studies, their sample size, and effective sample size in Lombardi 2020
QUADAS2 tool domain | RoB based on number of studies | RoB based on sample size | RoB based on effective sample size | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk of bias | Low | Unclear | High | Low | Unclear | High | Low | Unclear | High |
Patient selection | 5% | 5% | 91% | 1% | 1% | 99% | 1% | 1% | 99% |
Index test | 0% | 23% | 77% | 0% | 46% | 54% | 0% | 46% | 54% |
Reference standard | 82% | 18% | 0% | 91% | 9% | 0% | 90% | 10% | 0% |
Flow and timing | 59% | 9% | 32% | 77% | 7% | 16% | 77% | 7% | 17% |