Table 2 Relative risk estimates for COVID-19 infection outcomes, older ages, by country

USA [35, 36]

CDC

16.05.2020

Infection to death

Both

Ref

9.8 (9.5–10.2)

53.1 (51.3–54.9)

Italy [37]

ISS

20.05.2020

Infection to death

Male

Ref

10.1 (8.9–11.4)

43.2 (38.2–49.0)

Female

Ref

11.1 (9.0–13.7)

82.3 (67.4–100.4)

Both

Ref

11.3 (10.1–12.6)

53.8 (48.5–59.8)

Spain [38]

ISCIII

21.05.2020

Infection to hospitalisation

Male

Ref

1.9 (1.8–1.9)

2.2 (2.2–2.3)

Female

Ref

2.2 (2.1–2.2)

3.0 (2.9–3.0)

Both

Ref

2.1 (2.1–2.1)

2.6 (2.6–2.7)

Hospitalisation to death

Male

Ref

3.7 (3.2–4.2)

15.8 (13.7–18.1)

Female

Ref

4.1 (0.6–28.6)

26.8 (3.8–187.9)

Both

Ref

3.7 (3.3–4.1)

18.1 (16.2–20.2)

Infection to death

Male

Ref

6.9 (6.0–8.0)

35.3 (30.7–40.6)

Female

Ref

7.5 (6.1–9.1)

66.1 (54.8–79.8)

Both

Ref

7.7 (6.9–8.7)

47.3 (42.3–52.8)

France [39]

Santé publique France

18.05.2020

Hospitalisation to death

Both

Ref

2.8 (2.6–3.1)

7.3 (6.7–7.9)

England [40]

Public Health England

20.05.2020

Infection to death

Male

Ref

7.2 (6.5–7.9)

19.0 (17.3–20.8)

Female

Ref

9.3 (8.2–10.5)

36.2 (32.3–40.7)

Both

Ref

8.7 (8.1–9.4)

26.6 (24.8–28.6)

Belgium [41]

Sciensano

26.05.2020

Infection to death

Male

Ref

5.0 (4.0–6.2)

20.2 (16.5–24.7)

Female

Ref

9.1 (6.8–12.3)

51.7 (39.3–68.1)

Both

Ref

7.4 (6.2–8.8)

32.0 (27.2–37.7)

Germany [42]

RKI

27.05.2020

Infection to death

Both

Ref

17.5 (14.2–21.6)

195.1 (159.6–238.5)