Table 1 Association in original studies and own calculations of relative risks by COVID-19 outcomes and by risk
Risk group | Outcome | Number of studies reporting | Reported measure of association (95 %CI) | Number of studies Calculated RR | Calculated relative risk ranges (95 %CI) | Pooled analysis RR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Comorbidities | ||||||
Asthma | Death | 1 | 0.9 (0.3–2.4) | 0.9 (0.3–2.4) | ||
Hospitalisation | 2 | 1.2 (0.6–2.5)–1.3 (0.5–3.6) | 1.2 (0.7–2.2) | |||
ICU admission | 1 | 1 | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | ||
Cancer | Death | 1 | RR: 2.9 (1.3–6.4) | 7 | 0.7 (0.1–4.9)–4.8 (1.1–21.5) | 2.0 (1.4–2.8) |
Hospitalisation | 12 | 0.8 (0.1–4.4)–4.4 (1.0–19.5) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | |||
ICU admission | 1 | OR: 5.4 (1.8–16.2) | 5 | 1.4 (0.7–3.0)–4.9 (2.7–9.0) | 2.3 (1.3–4.0) | |
Cardiovascular disease | Death | 4 | RR: 6.8 (5.4–8.4) | 15 | 1.3 (0.2–8.9)–6.7 (5.4–8.4) | 3.3 (2.3–4.5) |
OR: 1.2 (0.2–7.8) -2.1 (0.3–17.8) | ||||||
HR: 1.9 (1.1–3.3) | ||||||
Hospitalisation | 2 | OR: 2.4 (1.5–3.9) | 23 | 0.7 (0.1–3.9)–3.9 (1.7–8.8) | 2.0 (1.6–2.4) | |
HR: 0.6 (0.1–3.6) | ||||||
Composite | 1 | 1.6 (0.8–3.1) | 1.6 (0.8–3.1) | |||
ICU admission | 8 | 0.9 (0.4–2.1)–4.1 (3.4–4.9) | 2.1 (1.3–3.2) | |||
Cerebrovascular disease | Death | 1 | HR: 1.4 (0.7–2.9) | 7 | 1.2 (0.3–4.3)–7.1 (3.3–15.4) | 2.6 (1.7–4.1) |
Hospitalisation | 6 | 1.1 (0.7–2.0)–3.4 (2.3–5.1) | 2.2 (1.5–3.3) | |||
Composite | 1 | 4.6 (1.9–11.0) | 4.6 (1.9–11.0) | |||
ICU admission | 4 | 0.8 (0.5–1.3)–3.7 (2.4–5.8) | 1.9 (0.9-4.0) | |||
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | Death | 2 | OR: 5.4 (0.9–30.4) | 6 | 1.9 (0.4–10.1)–6.0 (1.3–26.8) | 2.4 (2.0–3.0) |
HR: 2.2 (1.1–4.5) | ||||||
Hospitalisation | 11 | 1.2 (0.9–1.7)–4.3 (0.8–17.1) | 2.0 (1.5–2.6) | |||
Composite | 1 | 0.9 (0.2–5.0) | 0.9 (0.2–5.0) | |||
ICU admission | 4 | 1.0 (0.4–2.8)–10.6 (6.2–16.1) | 2.4 (0.6–9.8) | |||
Chronic renal failure | Death | 3 | 1.9 (0.4–10.1)–2.6 (1.8–3.6) | 2.5 (1.8–3.4) | ||
Hospitalisation | 9 | 0.8 (0.3–2.5)–3.3 (2.8–3.9) | 1.6 (1.0–2.6) | |||
ICU admission | 4 | 0.8 (0.4–1.9)–4.6 (3.6–5.8) | 2.1 (0.9–4.9) | |||
Diabetes mellitus | Death | 5 | RR: 4.5 (3.5–5.6) | 18 | 1.1 (0.6–1.9)–4.5 (1.9–10.6) | 2.2 (1.7–2.9) |
OR: 2.9 (1.4–6.1)–4.9 (1.3–18.2) | ||||||
HR: 1.1 (0.6–2.1)–1.7 (0.3–8.2) | ||||||
Hospitalisation | 4 | OR: 0.7 (0.1–8.3)–OR: 4.7 (0.7–32.4) HR: 1.6 (1.0–2.4)–HR: 1.7 (0.3–8.2) | 30 | 0.7 (0.2–2.4)–4.3 (2.4–7.7) | 1.8 (1.5–2.2) | |
Composite | 1 | 1.4 (0.7–2.8) | 1.4 (0.7–2.8) | |||
ICU admission | 3 | OR: 1.6 (0.4–5.8)–2.1 (0.7–6.2) | 12 | 0.3 (0.1–2.3)–4.6 (2.8–7.5) | 1.9 (1.4–2.6) | |
HR: 2.3 (1.4–4.1) | ||||||
Diseases of liver | Death | 3 | 0.9 (0.1–5.9)–4.8 (1.1–21.5) | 1.9 (0.6–6.4) | ||
Hospitalisation | 10 | 0.8 (0.1–4.3)–11.3 (4.6–27.6) | 1.7 (1.0–2.9) | |||
Diseases of the digestive system | Death | 1 | 0.8 (0.1–6.1) | 0.8 (0.1–6.1) | ||
Hospitalisation | 3 | 0.7 (0.2–2.2)–2.0 (0.7–5.2) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | |||
ICU admission | 1 | 0. 8 (0.4–1.5) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | |||
Endocrine diseases | Death | 1 | 1.2 (0.4–3.9) | 1.2 (0.4–3.9) | ||
Hospitalisation | 1 | 1.4 (1.2–1.5) | 1.4 (1.2–1.5) | |||
Hypertension | Death | 6 | RR: 4.5 (3.7–5.5) | 17 | 1.1 (0.2–6.4)–8.1 (2.9–22.3) | 2.7 (2.1–3.4) |
OR: 1.1 (0.3–4.6)–3.1 (1.6–5.9) | ||||||
HR: 1.5 (0.9–2.4)–1.7 (0.9–3.1) | ||||||
Hospitalisation | 5 | OR 2.7 (1.3–5.6)–4.4 (1.0–18.9) | 29 | 0.8 (0.3–1.9)–4.4 (2.6–7.4) | 1.8 (1.6–2.1) | |
HR: 1.6 (0.4–5.8)–HR: 1.6 (1.1–2.3) | ||||||
Composite | 2 | 1.3 (0.7–2.4)–3.2 (2.0–5.1) | 2.1 (0.9–4.9) | |||
ICU admission | 3 | OR: 0.5 (0.1–1.7)–2.3 (0.9–5.8) | 9 | 0.9 (0.6–1.3)–3.1 (1.8–5.4) | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | |
HR:1.8 (1.1–2.9) | ||||||
Immunocompromised condition | Hospitalisation | 1 | 1.7 (1.4–2.1) | 1.7 (1.4–2.1) | ||
ICU admission | 1 | 2.6 (1.9–3.5) | 2.6 (1.9–3.5) | |||
Mycobacterial diseases | Hospitalisation | 1 | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | ||
Other diseases or unspecified | Death | 1 | OR: 1.5 (1.0–2.2) | 2 | 1.6 (1.1–2.4)–1.9 (0.9–4.3) | 1.7 (1.2–2.4) |
Hospitalisation | 2 | OR: 2.8 (0.8–10.1) | 6 | 0.9 (0.3–2.7)–6.0 (3.5–10.4) | 2.9 (1.6–5.1) | |
HR: 3.9 (1.9–7.9) | ||||||
ICU admission | 1 | 2.5 (1.3–4.9) | 2.5 (1.3–4.9) | |||
Other respiratory diseases | Death | 7 | 0.8 (0.3–2.2)–3.4 (2.4–4.9) | 2.2 (1.5–3.0) | ||
Hospitalisation | 7 | 0.9 (0.5–1.7)–2.9 (1.0–8.2) | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | |||
ICU admission | 3 | 0.4 (0.2–1.1)–2.6 (2.1–3.2) | 1.3 (0.6–2.9) | |||
Demographic, behavioural, and occupational factors | ||||||
Healthcare profession | Death | 2 | 0.1 (0.0–0.8)–0.1 (0.1–0.3) | 0.1 (0.1–0.3) | ||
Hospitalisation | 3 | 0.1 (0.0–0.3)–0.8 (0.3–2.2) | 0.3 (0.1–0.9) | |||
Male sex | Death | 4 | RR: 1.7 (1.5–1.9) | 19 | 0.7 (0.1–7.5)–4.7 (1.4–15.1) | 1.4 (1.3–1.6) |
OR: 1.5 (1.1–1.9)–7.2 (1.3–40.2) | ||||||
HR: 0.6 (0.3–1.1) | ||||||
Hospitalisation | 5 | OR: 1.5 (0.6–3.6)–4.4 (1.0–18.9) | 36 | 0.8 (0.4–1.3)–3.5 (1.7–7.1) | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) | |
HR: 0.9 (0.9–0.9)–1.7 (1.1–2.8) | ||||||
Composite | 1 | OR: 1.9 (0.5–7.2) | 2 | 1.5 (0.8–2.8)–1.8 (0.6–5.5) | 1.6 (0.9–2.7) | |
ICU admission | 3 | OR: 1.1 (0.3–3.4)–2.8 (1.0–7.9) | 11 | 0.7 (0.3–1.6)–2.0 (0.5–77) | 1.3 (1.1–1.4) | |
HR: 1.5 (0.9–2.4) | ||||||
Obesity | Hospitalisation | 1 | OR: 6.3 (1.2–34.5) | 2 | 2.1 (1.1–4.2)–4.0 (1.0–15.6) | 2.4 (1.3–4.4) |
ICU admission | 1 | OR: 5.4 (1.1–25.6)–9.9 (1.4–71.7) | 2 | 1.4 (1.0–1.8)–1.5 (0.9–2.3) | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | |
Smoking | Death | 1 | OR: 2.2 (0.7–7.6) | 4 | 1.2 (0.8–1.7)–8.7 (3.7–20.1) | 2.6 (1.0–6.8) |
Hospitalisation | 1 | OR 14.3 (1.6–25.0) | 17 | 0.4 (0.1–2.3)–5.5 (2.1–14.4) | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | |
ICU admission | 5 | 0.9 (0.5–1.8)–2.9 (1.8–4.8) | 1.8 (1.1–2.9) | |||