Study ID (author, year) | Clarity | External validity | Internal validity | Total score | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  |  | Bias | Confounding |  |
Alin Akerman 1995 [18] | 4 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 13 |
Bergvall 2007 [19] | 5 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 15 |
Cnattingius 2009 [20] | 5 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 15 |
De Zeeuw 2012 [21] | 4 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 13 |
Groen-Blokhuis 2011 [22] | 3 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 12 |
Hestbaek 2003 [23] | 4 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 13 |
Hultman 2007 [24] | 4 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 14 |
Gardner 1995 [25] | 3 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 12 |
Ortqvist 2009 [11] | 5 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 15 |
Rasanen 2000 [26] | 5 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 15 |
Suvanand 1997 [27] | 3 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 15 |
Villamor 2009 [28] | 5 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 15 |
Williams 1996 [29] | 4 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 14 |
Yokoyama 2007 [30] | 5 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 14 |
Median (range) | 4 (3-5) | 2 (2-2) | 5 (4-5) | 3 (2-3) | 13.5 (12-15) |