Coping mechanism (number of primary studies) | Coping strategy | Specific coping strategy (primary studies) |
---|---|---|
Problem-focused (n = 19) | Active coping | Problem solving (n = 11) [70, 72, 74, 75, 81, 85, 91, 92, 95, 97, 98] |
Taking action to try to make the situation better (n = 2) [106, 107] | ||
Problem-focused coping (n = 1) [108] | ||
Solving family problems (n = 1) [110] | ||
Self-reliance (n = 1) [110] | ||
Did what is expected of me (n = 1) [76] | ||
Tension reduction (n =1) [108] | ||
Self-analysis to understand the situation better (n = 1) [76] | ||
Unspecified (n = 1) [111] | ||
Planning | Planning strategy (n = 1) [71] | |
Suppression of competing activities | Engaging in demanding activities (n = 1) [110] | |
Restraint coping | Passive coping (n = 1) [94] | |
Seeking social support for instrumental reasons | Asking others for help (n = 1) [109] | |
Seeking diversions (n = 1) [110] | ||
Developing social support (n = 1) [110] | ||
Emotion-focused (n = 20) | Seeking social support for emotional reasons | Unspecified (n = 1) [108] |
Discuss feeling with friends or classmates (n = 1) [76] | ||
Positive reinforcement and growth | ||
Focusing on the positive (n = 1) [108] | ||
Staying optimistic (n = 11) [72, 74, 75, 81, 83, 85, 92, 95, 97, 98, 112] | ||
Acceptance | ||
Turning to religion | Practicing religion (n = 1) [111] | |
Prying or mediating (n = 1) [106] | ||
Finding comfort in religion or spiritual beliefs (n = 1) [106] | ||
Religious related strategies come first (n = 1) [71] | ||
Dysfunctional coping (n = 17) | Focus on and venting of emotions | Venting (n = 1) [71] |
Show their feelings and express their reaction (n = 2) [107, 109] | ||
Ventilating feelings (n = 1) [110] | ||
Self-blaming (n = 1) [71] | ||
Self-criticism (n = 1) [73] | ||
Behavioral disengagement | Unspecified (n = 1) [71] | |
Social withdrawal (n = 1) [73] | ||
Mental disengagement | Become involved in other activities (n = 1) [76] | |
Detachment (n = 1) [108] | ||
Physical exercise and relaxation (n = 1) [109] | ||
Denial | Unspecified (n = 1) [71] |