Table 5 Summary of meta-analytic results, subgroup analyses, and publication biases

Absenteeism

4

0.01 [− 0.19; 0.21]

–

–

–

–

–

Alcohol

10

− 0.08 [− 0.21; 0.06]

–

–

–

–

–

Antithrombin

1

0.49 [− 0.45; 1.44]

–

–

–

–

–

Anxiety

21

− 0.20 [− 0.31; − 0.10]

0.61

0.31

0.76

–

− 0.10 [− 0.23; 0.02], p < 0.01 *

Blood pressure

8

− 0.17 [− 0.38; 0.04]

–

–

–

–

–

Burnout

15

− 0.45 [− 0.64; − 0.26] *

0.15

0.04*

0.46

–

− 0.28 [− 0.47; − 0.09], p = 0.07

Coping

5

0.41 [0.02; 0.80] *

< 0.01*

< 0.01*

< 0.01*

–

–

Cortisol

6

− 0.20 [− 0.44; 0.04]

–

–

–

–

–

Depression

18

− 0.46 [− 0.71; − 0.21] *

0.05*

< 0.01*

0.80

0.88

− 0.17 [− 0.47; 0.12], p = 0.03 *

DHEA

2

− 0.29 [− 0.80; 0.21]

–

–

–

–

–

Drug use

2

− 0.05 [− 0.35; 0.24]

–

–

–

–

–

General symptoms

7

− 0.70 [− 1.14; − 0.26] *

< 0.01*

< 0.01*

0.46

–

–

Heart rate

21

− 0.27 [− 0.40; − 0.14]

0.04*

0.01*

0.04*

–

− 0.23 [− 0.37; − 0.09], p = 0.10

Prolactin

1

− 0.07 [− 0.56; 0.41]

–

–

–

–

–

PTSD

9

− 0.33 [− 0.55; − 0.11] *

< 0.01*

0.10

0.03*

–

–

Resilience

22

0.27 [0.13; 0.42] *

0.02*

< 0.01*

0.29

0.78

0.27 [0.13; 0.42], p = 0.62

Stress

25

− 0.35 [− 0.51; − 0.20] *

0.49

0.14

0.02*

0.80

− 0.21 [− 0.37; − 0.05], p = 0.55

Suicidality

2

0.33 [− 0.07; 0.73]

–

–

–

–

–

Well-being

20

0.46 [0.26; 0.66] *

0.63

0.24

< 0.01*

0.45

0.46 [0.26; 0.66], p = 0.16