Table 2 The Anopheles species responding to endectocides and promising results in different regions
From: Endectocides as a complementary intervention in the malaria control program: a systematic review
Species | Intervention | Study area | Dose | Host | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
An. gambiae (African malaria mosquito) | IVM+AL | Burkina Faso | 200 mg/kg | Human | Diminish the probability of malaria transmission by reducing the longevity |
IVM oral | London | 200 mg/kg | Human | Mosquito mortality was 73%, 84%, and 89% on days 2, 3, and 4 | |
IVM MDA | Senegalese | 150 μg/kg | Human | Reduced survival | |
Eprinomectin-IVM | Lab. US | 10 mg/ml | In vitro | Marginally affected re-blood feeding ability significantly increased knockdown and inhibit recovery | |
IVM-AL | Burkina Faso | 200 mg/kg | Human | 27–35% malaria transmission reduction | |
IVM | Tanzania | 150–200 μg/kg | Human | 47% of blood-fed died after 2 days | |
IVM slow release | Tustin, California | One, two, or three silicones | Rabbit | Killing 50% up to 24 weeks | |
IVM, Eprinomectin, Fipronil | Kenya | ∼ 0.5 mg/kg | Cattle | Notably decreased survival | |
IVM MDA | Senegal | 200 mg/kg | Human | 79% reduction in the mean proportion of P. falciparum sporozoite-infectious An. gambiae | |
An. arabiensis | IVM | Tanzania | 0.2 mg/kg | Cattle | Decrease egg production and survival rate |
IVM and 10% sucrose | Tanzania | 0.01% | Cattle | 95% mortality after 48 h | |
IVM, Eprinomectin, Doramectin, Moxidectin | Lab. | 7.9, 8.5 ppb | Cattle | IVM and eprinomectin were lethal Doramectin reduced egg production Moxidectin was less toxic | |
IVM | Semi field, Tanzania | 0.2 mg/kg | Cattle | 64.61% egg production reduction | |
An. coluzzii | IVM, Eprinomectin | Burkina Faso | 0.2 mg/kg | Cattle | 100% killed kdr mutant 3ed week after application |
An. funestus | IVM+AL | Balonghin, Burkina Faso | 200 mg/kg | Human | Diminish the probability of malaria transmission by reducing the longevity |
An. stephensi (Asian malaria mosquito) | Avermectin | Rome | 28 | Mice | Highly insecticidal effect |
An. aquasalis (Coastal areas of South America) | IVM | Amazon | 200 μg/kg | In vitro/ex vivo | Declines fecundity and egg hatch rate |
IVM+CQ and IVM+PQ+CQ | Brazil and Peru | 200 μg/kg | Human | 84.5 and 93.6% decrease in oocyst infection prevalence and intensity | |
IVM | Brazil | 200 mg/kg | Human | Minimize P. vivax infection rate 78.33% mortality | |
An. darlingi (American malaria mosquito) | IVM | Peru | 200 mg/kg | Human | Minimize P. vivax infection rate 97.43% mortality |
IVM+CQ and IVM+PQ+CQ | Peru | 5, 10, 20 and 40 ng/ml | Human | 60.3 and 97% decrease in oocyst infection prevalence and intensity | |
IVM | Lab | 4, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 65, 70 ng/ml | In vitro | Partial insecticidal effect | |
An. dirus (Asian forested zones) | IVM | Thailand | LC25 | In vitro | 44.7% oocyst prevalence reduction |
An. minimus (South and Southeast Asia) | IVM | Thailand | LC25 | In vitro | 58.8% oocyst prevalence reduction |