Table 1 Description of studies included for systematic review and meta-analysis (n = 46)

Ibrahim et al., Nigeria [21]

To determine the socio-demographic and clinical predictors of sub-optimal MA

CS

Schizophrenia & depression patients

SRS

MMAS

94.8

Alene et al., Ethiopia [22]

To evaluate MA and associated factors

CS

Schizophrenia patients

Purposive

CFR

87.5

Eticha et al., Ethiopia [23]

To investigate factors associated with MA among patients with schizophrenia

CS

Schizophrenia patients

Consecutive

MARS

97.5

Kenfe et al., Ethiopia [24]

To assess the magnitude and associated factors of MNA

CS

Psychiatric patients

Consecutive

MMAS

100

Hibdye et al., Ethiopia [25]

To assess the prevalence and factors associated with MNA

CS

Bipolar disorders patients

Systematic

MMAS

97

Anne et al., USA [26]

To examine the barriers of antidepressant MA

Longitudinal

Depression patients

Multistage

Brief interview

90

Hill et al., Ireland [27]

To examined concurrent predictors of MNA

cohort

Psychosis Patients

Restrictive

Interview & DAI

NR

Moritz et al., Germany [28]

To investigate attitudes toward psychotic symptoms affect MNA

Cohort

Schizophrenia patients

Restrictive

Self-report questions

NR

Mert et al., Turkey [29]

To evaluate factors resulting in MNA

CS

Schizophrenic, depressive patients

Patients receiving treatment

SCID-I

NR

Novick et al., Multi-country-European [30]

To explore the relationship between insight and MA

CS

Schizophrenia and bipolar patients

SRS

MARS

NR

Hillary, Nigeria [31]

To evaluate the level of patients’ MNA and associated factors

CS

Psychiatric disorders patients

Convenient

MMAS

NR

Ibrahim et al., Nigeria [32]

To assessed the prevalence and exclusively X-rayed medication-related factors of MNA

CS

Schizophrenia and bipolar patients

Convenient

MMAS

94.2

Dibonaventura et al., USA [33]

To examine the relationship between these variables among community-dwelling patients with schizophrenia

CS

Adults schizophrenia patients

Convenience

MMAS

NR

Gurmu et al., Ethiopia [34]

To determine the statistical significance of the association of variables with adherence

CS

Patients who visited psychiatric clinic

Convenience

MARS

96.3

Magura et al., USA [35]

To identify predictors of MA among psychiatric patients

CS

Psychiatric disorders patients

Patients fulfilled eligibility criteria

MARS

NR

Kikkert et al., 4 European countries [36].

To explore factors influencing MA of schizophrenia patients

qualitative study

Schizophrenia patients

Purposive

Qualitative

NA

Teferra et al., Ethiopia [37]

To improve understanding of the underlying reasons for MA

Qualitative study

Schizophrenia patients & caregivers

Purposive

FGDs

NR

Sher et al., USA [38]

To evaluate the effects of caregivers’ causal beliefs about depression and their perceptions of stigma on MA

longitudinal study

MDD patients

Multistage

Link’s scale

NR

Mohamed et al., USA [39]

To examine the strength of association of measures of both insight and attitudes toward MA

CS

Chronic schizophrenia patients

Purposive

DAI, pill count, ITAQ

NR

Sava, Turkey [40]

To investigate the relationship between treatment adherence and the level of MA

CS

Comprised of euthymic patients

Patients attending their follow-up

Self-report question

NR

Sirey, USA [41]

To examine the extent to which perceived stigma affected treatment discontinuation

CS

Psychiatric patients

Multi-stage

SCS

NR

Sajatovic, USA [42]

To examined MA among patients with bipolar disorder

Longitudinal

Bipolar patients

All

MPR

NR

Sajatovic, USA [43]

To examine antipsychotic MA among bipolar disorder

Longitudinal

Bipolar patients

All

MPR

NR

John, USA [44]

To investigate the factors associated with non-adherence

CS

Bipolar disorder patients

Interactive panel

Adapted tool

NR

Iseselo et al., Tanzania [45]

To determine the psychosocial problems of mental illness

Qualitative study

Patients families/care givers

Purposive

Interview and FGDs

NR

Olivares, Spain [46]

To evaluate long term treatment outcomes in routine clinical practice

Cohort

Schizophrenia patients

Prospective chart review

GAF score

NR

Charlotte, Sweden [47]

To identify predictors of MNA to antidepressant treatment

CS

MDD patients

SRS

CRF & TDM

NR

Adeponle et al., Nigeria [48]

To assess relationship of family engagement and MA

cohort

Psychiatric patients

Purposive

Case Note review

NR

Rashid, Malaysia [49]

To determine the treatment related risk factors with the default of depression treatment

CC

MDD patients

Convenient

Self-reported question

86

Roy, India [50]

To examine factors associated with poor drug compliance.

CS

Psychiatric patients

Consecutive

Checklist

NR

Omran, Iran [51]

To describe psychiatrists’ attributions on non-compliance

CS

Psychiatric patients

SRS

Interview using checklist

NR

Tara et al., Canada [52]

To assess levels of MNA and determinants

CS

Psychiatric patients

SRS

Self-report

NR

Banerjee, India [53]

To assess the correlates of MNA to unipolar patients

CS

Psychiatric with depression

Purposive

MMAS

97.2

Oliver, Spain [54]

To describe MA among patients with depression

CS

Psychiatric patients with Depression

SRS

Medical record

NR

Dave, UK [55]

To assess the patterns, incidence and predictors of therapy discontinuation

Cohort

MDD patients (2006–2008)

SRS

PHQ

91.2

Mahaye, South Africa [56]

To assess the levels of MA and its associated factors

CS

Psychiatric patients

Convenient

MMAS

NR

Sundell, Sweden [57]

To analyze whether socio-economic factors influence early discontinuation

CS

Depression patients

SRS

MARS

NR

Akincigil, [58]

To describe patient and provider level factors associated with treatment adherence.

Cohort

Psychiatric patients

Convenient

pharmacy claims

NR

Fawad, Pakistan [11]

To elucidate predictors of non-adherence

CS

Psychiatric patients

Convenient

Adapted question

94.8

Prukkanone et al., Thailand [59]

To quantify the adherence rate to and associated factors

Cohort

Depression patients

Convenient

MPR

NR

Shigemur, Japan [60]

To identify predictors of antidepressant adherence

CS

MDD patients

Online survey

Checklist

NR

Bambouer et al., USA [61].

To examined compliance and faxed alerts to physicians in 2003

Cohort

Psychiatric patients

Purposive

MMAS

NR

Demyttenaere et al., Belgium [62]

To investigate of compliance in patients with MDD

CS

Mdd

SRS

MEMS

NR

Mascha, [63]

To evaluate adherence to antidepressant among depressed patients

Cohort

Depression Patients

Purposive

MMAS

NR

Baldessarini et al., USA [64]

To sought risk factors to guide clinical prediction of non-adherence

CS

Bipolar patients

SRS

Self-report PRFs

NR

Nega et al., Ethiopia [65]

To assess psychotropic MNA and associated factors

CS

Psychiatric disorder patients

SRS

MMAS

92.9