Table 1 List of vaccines aiming to prevent COVID-19
Type of vaccine | Mechanism | Examples of ongoing trials (name of vaccine (study identifier)) |
|---|---|---|
RNA | Introduces RNA that codes for targets on the SARS-CoV-2 virus. | mRNA-1273 (NCT04283461, NCT04405076) BNT 162 (NCT04380701, NCT04368728) |
Viral vector | Contains a viral (adenovirus) vector encoded with genetic information for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. | AZD 1222 (NCT04324606, NCT04400838) |
DNA | This system introduces antigen-specific DNA into cells via plasmids to trigger T-cell and antibody response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. | INO-4800 (NCT04336410) NVX-CoV2373 (NCT04368988) |
Weakened/inactivated virus | This vaccine will use a weakened form of the virus that causes COVID-19. | PRO-nCOV-1001 (NCT04352608, NCT04352608) |
Protein subunit | This recombinant 2019-nCoV S protein subunit-trimer vaccine relies on eliciting an immune response against the S-spike protein to prevent its docking with the host ACE2 receptor. | SCB-2019 (NCT04405908) |
Dendritic cell vaccine | A vaccine consisting of autologous dendritic cells loaded with antigens from SARS-CoV-2, with or without GM-CSF | AV-COVID-19 (NCT04386252) |
Viral proteins | This process will introduce viral proteins and immune modulatory genes to modify aAPCs and activate T-cell response. | aAPC (NCT04299724, NCT04276896) |
BCG vaccine | BCG introduces weakened bacteria to trigger immune response, which may be effective against certain respiratory viruses. | BCG vaccine (NCT04328441, NCT04327206) VPM1002 (NCT04387409) |