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Table 2 Individual study outcomes

From: Elective removal vs. retaining of hardware after osteosynthesis in asymptomatic patients—a scoping review

  

Follow-up (IG/CG)

Pain

 Bell et al. 2006 [23]

Pain free walking (n(%); p): 11(48)/2(29); p > 0.05

15/16 months postoperativeb

 Boyle et al. 2014 [24]

VAS (mean; MD; [95% CI]): 0.66/1.03; − 0.38; [− 1.01–0.26]

12 months postoperativeb

 Chu et al. 2009 [32]

Pain (n(%); p): 7(28)/3(12); p = 0.92

16.5 months postoperativeb (mean)

 Garner et al. 2015 [26]

VAS (median; p): 0.6/0.5; p = 0.64

15.4/40.6 months (median)

 Hamid et al. 2009 [29]

VAS (mean; p): 0.074/2.02; p = 0.268

30 months postoperativeb (mean)

Functional

 Acklin et al. 2016 [22]

Constant-Murley score (mean; MD; [95% CI]): 70.8/75.6; 4.8; [1.8–7.8].

9 ± 4 weeks

 Bell et al. 2006 [23]

Baird and Jackson ankle score (mean, p): 88/86, p = 0.79.

Return to work (n(%), p): 13(57)/4(57), p > 0.05

15/16 months postoperativeb

 Boyle et al. 2014 [24]

Olerud–Molander ankle score (mean; MD; [95% CI]): 86.7/82.4; 4.3; [− 5.2–13.9]

American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hind foot score (mean; MD; [95% CI]): 90.1/88.6; 1.5; [− 6.0–9.1]

American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons foot and ankle score (mean; MD; [95% CI]): 91.8/87.0; 4.8; [− 3.5–13.2]

12 months postoperativeb

 Chu et al. 2009 [32]

Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument: global functioning improved p = 0.012

16.5 months postoperativeb (mean)

 Dimitriou et al. 2020 [34]

Subjective increase of function n(%): 54 (96)

12 months postoperativeb

 Garner et al. 2015 [26]

Knee Outcome Survey (median; p): 85/78.8; p = 0.12

Lower Extremity Functional Scale (median; p): 80/66.3; p < 0.05

15.4/40.6 months (median)

 Goshima et al. 2019 [35]

Japanese Orthopedic Association score (mean, SD, p): 93.9(7.2)/94.7(6.2); p > 0.05

Oxford Knee Score (mean, SD, p): 41.0(5.1)/43.1(4.7); p = 0.03

12 months postoperativeb

 Gosling et al. 2004 [28]

Complaints after nail removal (n(%)): 3(17)

6.3 years (mean)

 Gosling 2005 [27]

Complaints after nail removal (n(%)): 10(20)

7.4 years (mean)

 Hamid et al. 2009 [29]

American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hind foot score (mean; p): 85.8/85.59; p = 0.714

30 months postoperativeb (mean)

 Miller et al. 2010 [30]

Olerud-Molander Ankle Score (mean; p): 42/75; p = 0.002

Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (mean):

Symptoms: 58/75

Pain: 65/79

Activities of daily living: 74/87

Sports and recreation: 49/62

Quality of life: 40/53

7 months postoperativeb

 Tucker et al. 2013 [31]

Olerud-Molander Ankle Score (mean; p): 75.0/81.5; p = 0.107

Excellent overall functional outcome (%, mean adjusted difference, [95% CI]): 23.26/25; – 9.3; [− 18.5 to − 0.2]

31 months (mean)

Clinical measures

 Bell et al. 2006 [23]

Ankle range of motion (mean motion deficit in degrees compared to normal ankle, p)

Flexion: 11.5/12.1, p > 0.05

Inversion: 10.4/10.0, p > 0.05

15/16 months postoperativeb

 Boyle et al. 2014 [24]

Ankle dorsiflexion [degree] (mean; MD; [95% CI]): 13.0/10.2; 2.7; [− 1.4–6.9]

Ankle plantar flexion [degree] (mean; MD; [95% CI]): 31.2/33.6; − 2.3; [− 9.3–4.6]

Calf girth loss [cm] (mean; MD; [95% CI]): 0.04/0.07M -0.21; [− 0.69–0.26]

Tibiofibular clear space [mm] (mean; MD; [95% CI]):5.3/5.0; 0.34; [− 0.28–0.95]

12 months postoperativeb

 Briceno et al. 2019 [33]

Ankle dorsiflexion [degree] (mean; SE; p):

13.8(1.5)/10.1(2.4); p = 0.129.

Subjective improvement of dorsiflexion (n(%)): 10 (48)

3 months postoperativeb

 Dimitriou et al. 2020 [34]

Range of motion [degree] (mean; SD; p):

External rotation: 38(NR)/41(8.3); p = 0.07

Abduction: 125(29)/140(25); p = 0.001

Flexion: 130(27)/150(20); p = 0.001

12 months postoperativeb

 Goshima et al. 2019 [35]

Radiological evaluation [degree] (mean; SD; p)

Hip–knee–ankle angle: 4.1(2.5)/3.9(2.7); p = ns

Medial proximal tibial angle: 94.0(3.0)/93.7(3.0); p = ns

Posterior tibial slope: 9.2(3.2)/9.4(3.3); p = ns

Weight-bearing line ratio [%] (mean; SD; p):

67.8(10.0)/65.7(10.6); p = ns

12 months postoperativeb

 Miller et al. 2010 [30]

Average range of motion [degree] (mean; p):

Dorsiflexion: 10/20; p < 0.05

Plantarflexion: 35/45; p < 0.05

7 months postoperativeb

Quality of life

 Garner et al. 2015 [26]

Short Form-36 Survey (median; p):

Mental Component Summary: 57.6/55.6; p = 0.78

Physical Component: 50.9/44.9; p < 0.05

15.4/40.6 months median)

Adverse events

 Bell et al. 2006 [23]

Syndesmotic screw malposition (n): 1/0

Syndesmotic screw breakage (n; p): 0a/2; p < 0.025

15/16 months postoperativeb

 Dimitriou et al. 2020 [34]

Avascular necrosis n(%): 7(13)

Other complications n(%): 0(0)

29 months postoperative b

 Hamid et al. 2009 [29]

Syndesmotic screw breakage (n): 0a/10

30 months postoperativeb (mean)

  1. CG control group, IG intervention group, MD mean difference, SE standard error, VAS visual analogue scale
  2. aScrews have been removed before assessment
  3. bAfter index procedure