Table 2 Secondary outcomes
Time point | n | Outcome | Weighted mean difference (WMD) | Confidence interval | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sleep outcomes | ||||||
Z-drugs in with analgesic medicines versus the same analgesic medicines alone | Immediate | 20 (24) | Sleep quality (0–10 NRS) | − 1.60 | − 2.91 to − 0.3 | p ≤ .01 |
Immediate | 141 (28) | Sleep efficiency (PSG) | − 0.86 | 0.51 to 1.20 | p ≤ .01 | |
Melatonin versus placebo | Short-term | 24 (35) | Sleep quality (Richards Campbell Questionnaire) | − 0.09 | − 0.28 to 0.09 | p = 0.32 |
Short-term | 121 (31) | Sleep quality (0–100 VAS) | − 0.09 | − 0.27 to 0.45 | p = 0.51 | |
Benzodiazepines versus placebo | Immediate | 344 (23) (30) | Sleep quality (0–100 VAS) | 1.14 | 1.63 to 0.65 | p < .01 |
Short-term | 250 (23) | Sleep quality (0–100 VAS) | 0.60 | 0 to 1.20 | p = 0.5 | |
Fatigue | ||||||
Z-drugs with analgesic medicines versus the same analgesic medicines alone | Immediate | 49 (22) (24) | Fatigue (0–10 NRS) | − 0.59 | − 0.59 to 0.89 | p = 0.56 |
Short-term | 70 (22) (25) | Fatigue (0–10 NRS) | 0.29 | − 0.21 to 0.78 | p = 0.25 | |
Melatonin versus placebo | Immediate | 121 (31) | Fatigue (0–100 VAS) | − 0.40 | − 1.16 to 0.36 | p = 0.30 |
Wellbeing | ||||||
Immediate | 121 (31) | General wellbeing (0–100 VAS) | − 0.10 | − 0.91 to 0.71 | p = 0.81 |