Table 2 Assessment of risk of bias of included trials of surgical and non-surgical treatment of fractures
Author, year | Randomization process | Deviations from intended interventions | Missing outcome data | Measurement of the outcome | Selection of the reported result | Overall bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abbaszadegan, 1990 | Some concern | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
Agren, 2013 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
Ahrens, 2017 | Low risk | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
Arora, 2007 | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
Arora, 2011 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
Azzopardi, 2005 | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
Boons, 2012 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
Buckley, 2002 | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
Chen, 2011c | Some concern | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
Clementson, 2015 | Low risk | Some concern | High risk | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
Dias, 2005 | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
Duckworth, 2017 | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
Fjalestad, 2014 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
Földhazy, 2010 | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
Griffin, 2014 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern |
Hussain, 2017 | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
Ibrahim, 2007 | High risk | Some concern | High risk | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
Judd, 2009 | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
Karladani, 2000 | Some concern | High risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
Koch, 2008 | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
Kreder, 2006 | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
Kumar, 2018 | High risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
Lee, 2016 | Some concern | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
Makwana, 2001 | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
Marasco, 2013 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
Matsunaga, 2017 | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern |
McKee, 2007 | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
Mirzatolooei, 2011 | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
Mittal, 2017 | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern |
Nouraei, 2011 | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
Olerud, 2011a | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
Olerud, 2011b | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
Piazzolla, 2011 | Some concern | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
Qvist, 2018 | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern |
Rangan, 2015 | Low risk | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern |
Robinson, 2013 | Low risk | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
Salai, 2000 | High risk | High risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
Sanders, 2012 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
Shen, 2001 | Some concern | High risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
Siebenga, 2006 | Some concern | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
Sletten, 2015 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern |
Smekal, 2009 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
Tamaoki, 2017 | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
Thordarson, 1996 | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
Vinnars, 2008 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
Virtanen, 2012 | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
Willet, 2016 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern |
Woltz, 2017 | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern |
Wong, 2010 | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
Wood, 2003 | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
Wu, 2018 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
Zyto, 1997 | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |