Table 2 Population characteristics

Akturk, 2019 [21]

Group 1: 134, 31.3 (11.1), 55.2% female

Group 2: 316, 39.1 (14.2), 40.2% female

Group 1: TID; 16.3 (–) years

Group 2: TID; 20.9 (–)

Continuous glucose monitoring: 45.% Group 1, 55.1%

Group 2

Insulin pump: 50.7% Group 1, 66.5% Group 2

–

Patients with diabetes other than T1D, pregnancy, and repeat follow-up visits within the study duration

Helgeson, 2016 [22]

132, 23 (–), 56% female

TID; 15.8 (--)

Insulin (units/day):

median 50 (IQR 30-65)

Insulin pump therapy:

79/183 (43%)

Indications of neuropathy (vibratory thresholds above age-specific norms): 17%;

uACR above 30 mg/g: 7%

–

Hogendorf, 2016 [23]

209, 16.5 (1), 48.8% female, 51.2% male

TID; 6.5 (4.4)

–

–

Age 15–18 years

Thurheimer-Cacciotti, 2017 [24]

75, 24.3 (4.1), 100% female

TID–

–

–

–

Winhusen, 2018 [25]

1184

– (–),

–

T2D –

–

–

–

Wisk, 2018 [26]

138

20.5 (1.5)

80.40% female

T2D, 10.9 (5.2)^{^}

Insulin pump users: 84.1%

Testing blood sugar > 5 times/day: 44.2%

> 3 HbA1c tests in the past year: 65.9%

Average last HbA1c: 7.6

–

–