Table 6 GRADE analysis: summary of findings
From: Vitamin B—Can it prevent cognitive decline? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Number of participants (studies) | Study limitations (risk of bias) | Publication bias | Imprecision | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Overall certainty of evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Main outcome: overall cognition (measured with TICS-m and MMSE) | ||||||
14.250 (7 RCTs) | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | ++++ High |
Secondary outcome: processing speed | ||||||
1.038 (2 RCTs) | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | ++++ High |
Secondary outcome: memory | ||||||
705 (3 RCTs) | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | ++++ High |
Secondary outcome: attention | ||||||
299 (1 RCT) | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | ++++ High |
Secondary outcome: verbal ability | ||||||
211 (1 RCT) | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | ++++ High |
Secondary outcome: executive function | ||||||
115 (1 RCT) | Serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | +++ Moderate |
Additional analysis: effects in favor of placebo | ||||||
610 (3 RCTs) | Moderate limitations | Moderate limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | +++ Moderate |