Table 3 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

• Articles published in English and Swedish

• Articles published on or after 1992

• Adult humans of at least 18 years old of age from both genders with no restrictions to race or geographic distribution

• Any trial involving gasless laparoscopy

• Studies looking at the safety and efficiency of gasless laparoscopy

• Non-English and non-Swedish published articles

• Studies published before 1992

• Patients less than 18 years of age

• Non-gasless laparoscopy procedure

• Gasless laparoscopy used for gynaecological surgery

• N < 10 in any arm