Study | Country | County latitude | Country income * | Study Setting | Total randomized patients, n | Lost follow-up, n | Intervention duration, months | Treatment arm | Vit D dose, IU/day | Vit D isoform | Added calcium, mg/day | Age, years mean (SD) | BMI, kg/m2; mean (SD) | Baseline 25(OH)D concentration, nmol/L | Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Akkermans et al. 2017[41] | Western Europe | Not clear | High | Clinical | 325 | 91 | 5 | MilkI | 348** | D3 | 110 | 1.7 (0.6) | 0.3 (1.0)Z | 69.4 (27.0) | -Vit D concentration -Vit D deficiency -Compliance |
MilkC | – | 127 | 1.7 (0.6) | 0.3 (1.1)Z | 70.2 (26.7) | ||||||||||
Battiprolu et al. 2006[51] | India | 17° | Lower middle | School | 328 | 85 | 14 | MilkI | 400 | – | 400 | 10.8 (2.0) | 15.2 (1.0) | 74.0 (10.0) | -Vit D concentration -School performance -School absences -Compliance |
MilkC | – | 176 | 10.6 (2.0) | 15.4 (1.2) | 87.0 (15.0) | ||||||||||
Benjeddou et al. 2019[57] | Morocco | 32° | Lower middle | School | 239 | 39 | 9 | MilkI | 120 | D3 | 240 | 7–9 | 15.4 (10) | 53.04 (22.38) | -Vit D concentration -Vit D deficiency |
MilkC # | 60 | 240 | |||||||||||||
Brett et al. 2016[52] | Canada | 45° | High | Clinical | 77 | 3 | 3 | Yogurt and cheeseI | 400 | D3 | – | 4.9 (2.1) | 0.4 (0.6)Z | 59.5 (13.0) | -Vit D concentration -Vit D deficiency -Compliance |
Yogurt and cheeseI | 600 | – | 5.3 (2.0) | 0.5 (0.9)Z | 61.0 (10.6) | ||||||||||
Yogurt and cheeseC # | 140–195** | – | 5.0 (1.8) | 0.6 (1.0)Z | 58.6 (14.4) | ||||||||||
Brett 2018[58] | Canada | 45° | High | Daycare | 51 | 2 | 6 | Yogurt and cheeseI | 300 | D3 | – | 5 (1.8) | 0.55 (0.98)Z | 65.3 (12.2) | -Vit D concentration -Vit D deficiency |
Yogurt and cheeseC # | 167** | – | 5.4 (2.0) | 0.81 (0.88)Z | 67.5 (15.1) | ||||||||||
Du et al. 2004[49] | China | 39° | Upper middle | School | 757 | 59 | 24 | MilkI | 133 | D3 | 245 | 10.1 (0.3) | 16.8 (2.6) | 20.6 (8.8) | -Vit D concentration -Compliance |
MilkC | – | 245 | 10.1 (0.4) | 17.1 (2.8) | 17.7 (8.7) | ||||||||||
No intervention D | – | – | 10 (0.3) | 16.8 (2.6) | 19.1 (7.4) | ||||||||||
Economos et al. 2014[42] | USA | 42° | High | Clinical | 176 | 34 | 3 | JuiceI | 400 | -– | 1400 | 8.1 (1.5) | 18.5 (4.2) | 64.2 (92.8) | -Vit D concentration -Vit D deficiency -Compliance |
Juice+ Vit E+ Vit AI | 400 | 1400 | 8.15 (1.4) | 18.1 (4.0) | 75.6 (27.2) | ||||||||||
JuiceC | -- | 1400 | 7.9 (1.4) | 18.5 (4.8) | 64.3 (20.9) | ||||||||||
Graham et al. 2009[46] | New Zealand | 37° | High | School | 172 | - | 24 | MilkI | 60 | D3 | 480 | 7.6 (0.9) | – | – | -Vit D concentration -Vit D deficiency |
No milkC | – | – | 7.2 (0.8) | – | – | ||||||||||
Hettiarachchi et al. 2010[48] | Sri Lanka | 7° | Lower middle | Clinical | 60 | 0 | 9 | CerealI | 100 | D3 | 450 | 4.0(0.6) | 13.6 (1.2) | 71.95 (32.3) | -Vit D concentration |
CerealC | – | 0 | 4.1 (0.6) | 13.6 (0.8) | 103.4 (26.4) | ||||||||||
Houghton et al. 2011[43] | New Zealand | 46° | High | Clinical | 225 | 44 | 5 | MilkI | 252 | – | 132 | 1.4 | – | 52.8 (18.4) | -Vit D concentration -Vit D deficiency |
Micronutrient fortified milk I | 240 | 102 | 1.4 | Â | 48.9 (22.4) | ||||||||||
MeatC | – | – | 1.4 | – | 48.8(18.6) | ||||||||||
Hower et al. 2013[59] | Germany | 51° | High | Clinical | 92 | 39 | 8 | MilkI | 392 | – | 105 | 3.8 (2.0–6.8)δ δ | 15.6 | 53.7(26.5, 112.1) δ | -Vit D concentration -Vit D deficiency -Compliance -Infection rate |
MilkC # | 4.2 | 116 | 3.7 (2.0–6.2)δ δ | 15.4 | 45.9(25.2, 107.3) δ | ||||||||||
Khadgawat et al. 2013[53] | India | 28° | Lower middle | School | 776 | 63 | 3 | MilkI | 600 | D3 | – | 11.8 (1.1) | 18.8 (3.7) | 28.5 (13.1) | -Vit D concentration -Vit D deficiency |
MilkI | 1000 | – | 11.8 (1.1) | 18.6 (3.5) | 29.8 (14.0) | ||||||||||
No interventionC | – | – | 11.7 (1.1) | 18.9 (3.3) | 29.3 (13.0) | ||||||||||
Kuriyan et al. 2016[54] | India | 13° | Lower middle | School | 227 | 3 | 5 | Malt- and cocoa-based milkI | 116 | – | 492 | 8.1 (0.8) | – | 53.9 (15.7) | -Vit D concentration -Vit D deficiency -Ccognitive function |
Malt- and cocoa-based milkC # | 16 | 473 | 8.4 (0.9) | – | 54.7 (17) | ||||||||||
Madsen et al. 2013[60] | Denmark | 56° | High | Clinical | 321 | – | 6 | Bread and milkI | 408** | D3 |  | 4–17 | – | 72.8 | -Vit D concentration -Vit D deficiency -Compliance |
Bread and milkC # | 88 |  | 4–17 | – | 72.8 | ||||||||||
Neyestani et al. 2014[50] | Iran | 35.6° | Upper middle | Clinical | 146 | 13 | 3 | MilkI | 100 | – | 500 | 9–12 | 18.3 (0.4) | 24.9 (1.4) | -Vit D concentration -Vit D deficiency -Compliance |
MilkC | – | 240 | 18.3 (0.4) | 27.4 (1.9) | |||||||||||
170 | 7 | 3 | Orange juice I | 100 | – | 500 | 18.0 (0.3) | 24.9 (1.3) | |||||||
Orange juiceC | – |  | 240 | 17.3 (0.3) | 23.8 (1.1) | ||||||||||
Ohlund et al. 2017[56] | Sweden | 63° | High | School and community | 206 | 17 | 3 | MilkI | 400 | D3 | – | 6.3 | 0.3Z | 56 (52, 60)$ | -Vit D concentration -Vit D deficiency |
MilkI | 1000 | Â | 6.3 | 0.3Z | 58 (53, 62)$ | ||||||||||
MilkC # | 80 | – | 6.3 | − 0.1Z | 49 (43, 55)$ | ||||||||||
Powers et al. 2016[55] | UK | 53° | High | Clinical | 78 | 5 | 3 | Cereal and milkI | 166 | – | 215 | 18.8 (1.0) | 22.7 (3.1) | 42.9 (29.2) | -Vit D concentration -Vit D deficiency -Compliance |
Cereal and milkC # | 8 | 215 | 19.0 (1.6) | 21.9 (2.5) | 39.4 (22.8) | ||||||||||
Rich-Edwards et al. 2011[47] | Mongolia | 48° | Lower middle | School | 278 | – | 2 | Mongolian milkI | 300 | D3 | – | 10 (1.0) | 17.0 (2.0) | 20.0 (10.0) | -Vit D concentration -Vit D deficiency -Compliance -Infection rate |
US milkI | 300 | – | 10 (1.0) | 17.0 (20) | 24.9 (12.48) | ||||||||||
MilkC | – | – | 10 (1.0) | 17.0 (20) | 20.0 (10.0) | ||||||||||
Sun 2011[45] | China | 43° | Upper middle | School | 294 | – | 12 | MilkI | Not clear | – | – | 6–8 | – | 46.2 (18.9) | -Vit D concentration |
No interventionC | – | – | 6–8 | – | 45.2 (11.0) | ||||||||||
Wang et al. 2017[44] | China | 34° | Upper middle | School | 360 | 64 | 6 | MilkI | 150 | – | 100 | 13.2 (1.0) | 21.2 (0.8) | – | -Vit D deficiency -School performance |
MilkC | – | 120 | 13.4 (0.9) | 21.1 (0.7) | – |