Table 4 Summary of interventions and strategies for secondary prevention of neurotrauma from primary studies (n = 60)
Intervention/strategy | Pre-hospital airway management | Pre-hospital fluid resuscitation | Pre-hospital triage/imaging | Ambulance services | Air EMS | Physician-staffed/physician-led EMS | Pre-hospital care training | Direct transport to neuro-surgical centre/theatre | Organised trauma/emergency medical system | Lay first responders | Crash notification and response systems | Multiple interventions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of studies | 11 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
Country type | ||||||||||||
 LMIC | – | – | – | 5 | 1 | 1 | 4 | – | 2 | 1 | – | – |
 HIC | 11 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 9 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
Study design/publication type | ||||||||||||
 Experimental | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 2 | – | 1 | – |
 Observational | 7 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 9 | 4 | 1 | – | 2 | – | – | – |
 Descriptive |  | – | – | 1 |  | 1 | 1 | – | – | 1 | 1 | – |
 Discussion paper/report | 1 | – | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | – | – | 1 | 1 | 3 |
 Qualitative | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
 Mixed methods | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Setting | ||||||||||||
 National | 2 |  |  | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 |  | 1 | 1 | 1 | – |
 State/province/district/county | 6 | – | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
 City/town/village | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – |
 Neighbourhood/school-based/health facility-based/workplace | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – |
 Not reported | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 |
Years | ||||||||||||
 1974–1983 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
 1984–1993 | 1 | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – |
 1994–2003 | 2 | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – |
 2004–2013 | 6 | – | 1 | – | 3 | 2 | 2 | – | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
 2014–2019 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 |  | 1 | 2 |
Population | ||||||||||||
 Adults and children | 9 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 7 |  | 1 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
 Adults only | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | 7 | – | – | – | – | – |
 Children only | 1 | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – |