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Table 4 Representing PON1 genotype and associated health outcome

From: Association between pesticide exposure and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) polymorphisms, and neurobehavioural outcomes in children: a systematic review

Title

Authors

Outcome

Conclusion

PON1 and neurodevelopment in children from the CHAMACOS study exposed to organophosphate pesticides in utero

Eskenazi et al. [5]

Bayley MDIβ(95% CI)

PON1-108

CC, reference (p < 0.01)

CT, − 3.9 (− 6.6 to − 1.2)

TT, − 5.7 (− 9.0 to − 2.5)

PON1-192

RR, reference (p = 0.65)

QR, − 0.5 (− 3.4 to − 2.4)

QQ, 0.7 (− 2.6 to 4.0)

Bayley PDI

PON1-108

CC, reference (p=0.07)

CT, − 1.4 (− 3.8 to − 1.0)

TT, (− 5.7 to 0.2)

PON1-192

RR, reference (p = 0.10)

QR, 0.3 (− 2.2 to 2.9) (p = 1.0)

QQ, 2.4 (− 0.5 to 5.4) (p = 1.0)

CBCL PDD

PON1-108

CC, reference (p = 0.14)

CT, 1.5 (0.7 to 3.3)

TT, 2.0 (0.8 to 5.1)

PON1-192

RR, reference (p = 0.94)

QR, (0.4 to 2.2)

QQ, (0.4 to 2.4)

The PON1-108T allele in children associated with poorer Bayley MDI scores and with somewhat poor PDI scores.

Organophosphate pesticide exposure, PON1, and neurodevelopment in school-age children from the CHAMACOS study

Eskenazi et al. [21]

Mother

PON1-108

KCPT ADHD [β(95%)] (at age 5), WISC PRI [β(95%)](age 7)

CC, reference (p = 0.41), reference (p = 0.69)

CT, 2.9 (− 1.9 to 7.8), − 2.6 (− 6.8 to 1.6)

TT, 2.1 (− 3.6 to 7.9), − 2.8 (− 7.0 to 1.5)

PON1 192

KCPT ADHD [β(95%)] (at age 5), WISC PRI [β(95%)](age 7)

RR, reference (p = 0.86), reference (p = 0.65)

QR, 2.1 (− 2.9 to 7.1), − 2.6 (− 7.0 to 1.7)

QQ, − 0.5 (− 6.1 to 5.1), 1.0 (− 3.7 to 5.8)

Child

PON1 108

KCPT ADHD [β(95%)] (at age 5), WISC PRI [β(95%)](age 7)

CC, reference (p = 0.88), reference (p = 0.52)

CT, − 0.2 (− 4.9 to 4.6), − 0.5 (− 4.6 to 3.6)

TT, 0.6 (− 5.4 to 6.5), − 1.8 (− 7.0 to 3.4)

PON1 192

KCPT ADHD [β(95%)] (at age 5), WISC PRI [β(95%)](age 7)

RR, reference (p = 0.96), reference (p = 0.21)

QR, 5.0 (0.1 to 9.9), − 4.6 (− 9.0 to − 0.2)

QQ, 0.1 (− 5.8 to 5.9), − 3.4 (− 8.5 to 1.7)

Maternal and child PON1 genotype was not related to performance on K-CPT or WISC; WISC scores were lowest in children and children of mothers who carried the PON1 108TT genotype.

Maternal PON1 108 weakly modified the relationship of maternal DAPS and K-CPT score and WISC verbal IQ.

PON1 genotype and enzyme levels may be related to performance on certain domains of neurodevelopment in school age children.

Urinary organophosphate insecticide metabolite concentrations during pregnancy and children's interpersonal, communication, repetitive, and stereotypic behaviours at 8 years of age: The home study

Millenson et al. [26]

PON1 108TT associated with [∑DAP] = β 2.5 point higher (95% CI − 4.9 to 9.8)

PON1 108CT/CC associated with [∑DAP] = β 1.8 point decrease (95% CI − 5.8 to 2.2) (p = 0.54)

PON1 192 modification by ∑DAP = not significantly different p = 0.89

PON1 genotype did not modify association between DAP conc. And children social behaviour.

Paraoxonase gene variants are associated with autism in North America, but not in Italy: possible regional specificity in gene–environment interactions

D’Amelio et al. [27]

Caucasian-American PON1 108Zscore,pvalue

TC, − 0.310, 0.7566

TT, 0.310

PON1 L55M

ML, 2.435, 0.01489

MM, − 2.435

PON1 Q192R

RQ, − 2.291, 0.02199

RR 2.291

Italian PON1 108 Z score, p value

TC, 0.290, 0.772

TT, − 0.290

PON1 L55M

ML, 0.079, 0.937

MM, − 0.079

PON1 Q192R

RQ, 0.000, 1.000

RR, 0.000

Caucasian-American, but not Italian, patients diagnosed with autism were more likely to carry the PON 1-108T allele and not the PON 192R allele, although not significant.

Paraoxinase 1 activities and polymorphisms in autism spectrum disorders

Pasca et al. [28]

PON1 Q192R [ASD(50), Control (30)],X2,p

QQ, 26 (52.0%), 43 (50.6%); 0.02, 0.98

QR, 21 (42.0%), 37 (43.5%)

RR, 3 (6%), 5 (5.9%)

Q/R, 0.73/0.27, 0.72/0.28; 0.01, 0.90

PON1 L55M

LL, 15 (30.0%), 31 (36.5%); 1.13, 0.56

LM, 30 (60.0%), 43 (50.6%)

MM, 5 (10.0%), 11 (12.9%)

L/M, 0.60/0.40; 0.62/0.38; 0.08, 0.77

PON1 192 or PON1 55 allelic frequencies not significantly associated with enzymatic levels in ASD and non ASD control

PON 1 Q192Q associated with POase activity

PON1 enzyme activities are significantly decreased in ASD patients compared to healthy control, irrespective of PON1 polymorphism distribution.

Prenatal exposure to organophosphates, paraoxonase 1, and cognitive development in childhood

Engel et al. [29]

1-year BSID-II Black/Hispanic

PON1 192 (log10 β 95% CI)

QQ, ∑DAP 5.72 (− 0.48 to 11.92), ∑DEP 3.69 (− 0.97 to 8.36), ∑DMP 2.76 (− 2.44 to 7.97)

QR/RR, ∑DAP − 4.95 (− 7.81 to − 2.07) p<0.01, ∑DEP − 1.95 (− 5.36 to 1.47) p = 0.06, ∑DMP − 4.47 (− 7.05 to − 1.89) p = 0.02

2-year BSID-II all population

PON1 192 (log10 β 95% CI)

QQ, ∑DAP − 1.04 (− 6.06 to 3.99), ∑DEP − 0.55 (− 4.79 to 3.70), ∑DMP 0.12 (− 4.17 to 4.42)

QR/RR, ∑DAP − 1.27 (− 4.40 to 1.84) p = 0.98, ∑DEP − 0.15 (− 3.51 to 3.21) p = 0.88, ∑DMP − 4.47 (− 3.27 to 2.30) p = 0.81

Organophosphate negatively associated with cognitive development, particularly perceptual reasoning, starting at year and up to 9 year olds.

Mothers carrying PON1 Q192R QR/RR genotype showed decreased mental development scores.