Table 1 Population, intervention, comparator, outcome, and study design (PICOS) criteria for the systematic reviews

Population

Children and young adults aged ≤ 24 years experiencing a psychiatric disorder or behavioral issues outside the context of a disorder

Infants and young children aged < 24 months experiencing their first episode of wheeze or diagnosed with bronchiolitis or RSV

Community-dwelling adults aged ≥ 65 years with unrecognized impaired visual acuity or vision-related functional limitations

Intervention

Any Food and Drug Administration-approved first- or second-generation antipsychotic

Any bronchodilator, any corticosteroid, hypertonic saline, oxygen therapy, antibiotics, heliox

Vision screening tests (alone or within multicomponent screening/assessment) performed by primary healthcare professionals

Comparators

Placebo, no treatment, any other antipsychotic, the same antipsychotic in a different dose

Placebo, usual care, no treatment, normal saline, or another intervention of interest

No screening, delayed screening, attention control, screening involving all components of intervention except vision component, usual care

Outcomes

Intermediate and effectiveness outcomes, adverse effects and major adverse effects, adverse effects limiting treatment, specific adverse events, persistence and reversibility of adverse effects

Outpatient admissions, inpatient length of stay, change in clinical score, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, heart rate, pulmonary function, adverse events, escalation of care, length of illness, duration of oxygen therapy

Benefits (e.g., mortality, adverse consequences of poor vision), harms (e.g., serious adverse events), implementation factors (e.g., uptake of referrals)

Study designs

RCTs and nRCTs, controlled cohort studies, controlled before-after studies

RCTs

RCTs, controlled experimental and observational studies