Fig. 3

Pooled dose-response relationship between alcohol consumption (grams/day) and the standardised mean difference in cognition (solid line) for females. The study-specific relationships were modelled using restricted cubic splines and combined in a multivariate random-effects meta-analysis. The dashed lines represent the 95% confidence intervals for the combined spline model. The current non-drinker served as the referent group. Circles indicate study-specific observed SMDs, with the size of the bubbles proportional to precision (inverse of the variance) of the SMDs