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Table 3 Weighted national prevalence of pre-DM in childbearing age women in MENA countries

From: Type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence studies in women of childbearing age in the Middle East and North Africa, 2000–2018

Country/population type

No. of studies

Tested sample

pre-DM

pre-DM prevalence

 

Heterogeneity measures

Range (%)

Median (%)

Weighted %

95% CI

Subgroup

p value

Q (p value)1

I2 (%)2

95% prediction interval (%)3

Iran

 General population4

7

4998

222

0.0–7.8

2.0

2.5

0.9–4.7

0.6

80.3 (p < 0.001)

92.5

0.0–10.0

 Pregnant

4

4832

587

1.7–21.4

4.4

6.6

0.4–19.2

483.1 (p < 0.001)

99.4

0.0–90.0

 Non-pregnant with a history of GDM

2

173

8

0.9–11.1

6.0

3.4

1.0–6.8

NE

NE

NE

Study period5

 2000–2009

12

9893

816

0.0–21.4

3.7

4.1

1.3–8.2

0.1

707.7 (p < 0.001)

98.4

0.0–30.0

 Overlapping6

1

110

1

0.9

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

 Overall7

13

10,003

817

0.0–21.4

3.4

3.8

1.2–7.6

 

717.5 (p < 0.001)

98.3

0.0–30.0

Iraq

 General population4

3

1370

340

40.0–27.3

15.7

25.5

15.4–37.1

NE

25.5 (p < 0.001)

92.2

NE

Study period5

 2000–2009

1

40

16

40.0

NE

NE

NE

< 0.001

NE

NE

NE

 2010–2018

2

1332

324

15.6–27.4

21.5

24.1

21.8–26.4

35.9 (p < 0.001)

NE

NE

Jordan

 General population4 (2012–2013)

1

71

10

14.1

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

Kuwait

 General population4 (2000–2009)

4

3256

374

8.2–30.9

10.4

13.8

7.7–21.4

NE

96.8 (p < 0.001)

96.8

0.0–60.0

Morocco

 General population4 (2000–2009)

2

113

1

0.0–1.4

0.7

0.6

0.0–3.5

NE

NE

NE

NE

Oman

 General population4 (2000–2009)

3

2088

82

6.4–6.0

6.0

4.5

2.0–7.9

NE

NE

NE

NE

Qatar

 General population4 (2007–2008)

3

471

4

0.0–2.4

0.0

0.4

0.0–2.4

NE

NE

NE

NE

Saudi Arabia

 General population4

11

5257

358

0.0–26.0

4.4

6.6

3.7–10.3

NE

154.2 (p < 0.001)

93.5

0.0–20.0

Study period5

 2000–2009

5

4629

325

1.7–26.0

8.6

9.4

4.5–15.9

0.1

139.4 (p < 0.001)

97.1

0.0–40.0

 2010–2018

6

628

33

0.0–9.8

3.8

4.4

1.9–7.8

13.0 (p < 0.001)

61.5

0.0–20.0

United Arab Emirates

 General population4

10

24,723

6071

5.0–35.3

13.9

15.5

10.5–21.2

< 0.001

942.5 (p < 0.001)

99.0

0.0–40.0

 Non-pregnant with a history of GDM

1

549

30

5.5

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

Study period5

 2000–2009

4

2904

205

5.0–8.7

6.1

6.6

5.1–8.3

< 0.001

8.7 (p < 0.001)

65.6

0.0–10.0

 2010–2018

3

429

52

9.0–15.3

12.6

12.0

8.9–15.5

NE

NE

NE

 Overlapping6

4

21,939

5844

20.1–35.3

25.7

16.7

20.5–33.5

296.9 (p < 0.001)

99.0

0.0–60.0

 Overall7

11

25,272

6101

5.0–35.3

12.6

14.4

9.5–20.0

 

1104.5 (p < 0.001)

99.1

0.0–40.0

Yemen

 General population4 (before 2010)

1

54

2

3.7

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

All countries

Population

 General population4

45

42,404

7464

0.0–40.0

6.7

7.9

5.3–11.0

0.6

4478.6 (p < 0.001)

99.0

0.0–40.0

 Pregnant

4

4832

587

1.7–21.4

4.4

6.6

0.4–19.2

483.1 (p < 0.001)

99.4

0.0–90.0

 Non-pregnant with a history of GDM

3

722

38

0.9–11.1

5.5

4.7

1.1–10.4

NE

NE

NE

Study period5

 2000–2009

35

23,448

1825

0.0–40.0

5.0

4.8

4.0–7.8

< 0.001

1188.4 (p < 0.001)

97.1

0.0–20.0

 2010–2018

12

2460

419

0.0–27.3

9.4

9.3

4.7–15.2

180.4 (p < 0.001)

93.9

0.0–40.0

 Overlapping6

5

22,050

5845

0.9–35.3

21.9

20.7

15.0–27.1

376.6 (p < 0.001)

98.9

0.0–50.0

Ascertainment9

 WHO guidelines

19

11,335

837

0.0–15.3

6.7

6.2

4.7–7.9

< 0.001

200.6 (p < 0.001)

91.0

0.0–20.0

 ADA guidelines

23

33,469

7148

0.0–40.0

11.1

11.3

7.2–16.1

3036.3 (p < 0.001)

99.0

0.0–40.0

 Carpenter and Coustan

3

2416

70

1.7–8.9

3.9

3.2

1.5–5.4

NE

NE

NE

 Medical records

6

738

34

0.0–9.8

3.3

3.7

1.5–6.8

17.9 (p < 0.001)

66.5

0.0–20.0

Sample size

 < 100

10

586

44

0.0–15.3

4.1

4.9

1.8–9.2

0.3

32.3 (p < 0.001)

72.1

0.0–20.0

 ≥ 100

42

47,372

8045

0.0–40.0

6.4

8.3

5.6–11.5

5102.9 (p < 0.001)

99.2

0.0–40.0

Overall10

52

47,958

8089

0.0–40.0

6.0

7.6

5.2–10.4

 

5176.6 (p < 0.001)

99.0

0.0–30.0

  1. 1Q: Cochran’s Q statistic is a measure assessing the existence of heterogeneity in estimates of pre-DM prevalence
  2. 2I2: a measure assessing the percentage of between-study variation that is due to differences in pre-DM prevalence estimates across studies rather than chance
  3. 3Prediction interval: estimates the 95% confidence interval in which the true pre-DM prevalence estimate in a new study is expected to fall
  4. 4General populations could include healthy population, health care workers, migrant workers, or employees
  5. 5Year range does not cover every single year within that range. In studies with unclear information on when the study was conducted, we subtracted 2 years from the publication year as this was the median of the data collection period and the publication year for the other studies with full information
  6. 6Study period was before and after 2009
  7. 7Pooled estimate, regardless of the tested population, sample size, and data collection period, used the most updated criteria when pre-DM was ascertained, based on different criteria in the same population
  8. NE not estimable, CI confidence interval calculated using the exact binomial method, pre-DM pre-diabetes mellitus, GDM gestational diabetes, WHO World Health Organization, GCT glucose challenge test, OGTT oral glucose tolerance test, DM diabetes mellitus, T2DM type 2 diabetes, ADA American Diabetes Association, IDF International Diabetes Federation, HIV human immunodeficiency syndrome, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PCOS polycystic ovary syndrome
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