Table 1 Studies reporting T2DM prevalence in childbearing age women in the MENA region, 2000–2018

 Taleb et al., 2011 [45]

1/4–3/5/2008

Algeria, Tebessa,

ANC clinics in the Protection Maternal and infant located in different parts of Tebessa

CS

Unclear

Pregnant women with an age range of 19–45 (mean age of 29.28 years)

All

Self-reported Diabetes, probably T2DM

130

3

2.3

 Eldesoky et al., 2013 [46]

2009–2011

Egypt

Infertility Outpatient Clinic, Gynecology Department, Mansoura University Hospital

CS

Consecutive

Infertile young adult non-treated women with PCOS, ranging in age from 23 to 37 year.

All

Medical records

63

18

28.6

Obese

46

15

32.6

Lean

17

3

17.6

 Ebrahimi et al., 2016 [47]

2009–2014

Iran, Shahroud

Individuals attending health centers

CS

Stratified cluster sampling method

Women attending health centers

45–49 years

First phase: DM defined as RPG ≥ 200 and/or taking antidiabetic drugs. Second phase: DM defined as FPG ≥ 6.99 mmol/L and/or A1C ≥ 6.5% and/or taking antidiabetic drugs, according to the ADA 2013 criteria

585

102

17.4

 Valizadeh et al., 2015 [48]

2004–2010

Iran, Zanjan

Three main hospitals of city

RC

Whole population

Women with a history of GDM were recruited

All

DM defined as FPG levels ≥ 126 mg/dL (≥ 6.99 mmol/L) or OGTT 2-h PG ≥ 200 mg/dl

110

36

32.7

 Hossein-Nezhad et al., 2009 [49]

Before 2009

Iran, Tehran

Five university educational hospitals in Tehran

CS

Consecutive

Woman gave birth (postpartum testing)

All

FBS ≥ 126 mg/dl according to the ADA criteria

2416

195

8.1

 Azimi-Nezhad et al., 2009 [50]

2004

Iran, Khorasan Province

Community-based

CS

Cluster–stratified method

Iranian women from rural and urban areas in

All

DM ascertained if the subjects had a FPG ≥ 126 mg/dl (≥ 7 mmol/l) or where there was documented evidence of DM in their medical records, or treatment with hypoglycemic agents

1719

56

3.3

15–19 years

260

12

4.6

20–29 years

469

7

1.5

30–39 years

465

6

1.3

40–49 years

525

32

6.0

 Azimi-Nezhad et al., 2008 [51]

Before 2008

Iran, northeast Iran

General population in urban and rural districts of the Khorasan province

CS

Multistage sampling

Women from general populations

All

15–49 years

FBS > 126 mg/dL according to the ADA 2003 guidelines

1232

40

3.2

15–19 years

21

1

4.8

20–29 years

258

3

1.2

30–39 years

454

6

1.3

40–49 years

499

30

6.0

 Hadaegh et al., 2008 [52]

1999–2001

Iran, Tehran

General population. Part of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

CS

Multistage sampling

Women recruited from general population with mean age 43.5 years. Unclear pregnancy status.

All

20–49 years

DM defined according to ADA 2003 criteria. Undiagnosed DM: FPG < 5.6 and 2 h–PG < 7.7 mmol/L. Unknown DM: FPG 5.6 to 6.9 and 2 h–PG 7.7 to 11.0 mmol/L

3766

264

7.0

20–29 years

1171

13

1.1

30–39 years

1464

75

5.1

40–49 years

1131

176

15.6

 Keshavarz et al., 2005 [53]

12/1999–01/2001

Shahrood City, Iran

Fatemiyeh Hospital, Shahrood city

PS

Consecutive

All non-pregnant (postpartum) diagnosed with GDM in the recent pregnancy. Twin pregnancies, miscarriages, terminations and women with preexisting diabetes were excluded from our study

All

FPG > 126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol) on two occasions, or 2 h values in the OGTT 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol) were diagnosed as overt diabetes according to ADA criteria

63

8

12.7

 Mansour et al., 2014 [54]

1/2011–10/2012

Iraq, Basrah

Community-based

CS

Simple random

Iraqi females

All

19–45 years

According to the ADA 2010 classification: FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL (7.0 mol/L) or HbA1c ≥ 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) or OGTC 2-h plasma glucose was 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)

1332

171

12.8

19–30 years

345

21

6.1

31–45 years

987

150

15.2

 Mansour et al., 2008 [55]

2007–2007

Iraq, Basrah

Population-based study conducted in rural areas

CS

Random sampling

Women recruited from general population with age 20–60+ years with an unclear pregnancy status

20–39 years

FPG ≥ 126 mg/dl according to the ADA 2000 criteria

148

49

33.1

 Abu-Zaiton and Al-Fawwaz, 2013 [56]

10/2012–1/2013

Jordan

Al-Albayt University

CS

Random

Female university students with a mean age of 19.7 years

All

FBG > 126 mg/dL

71

2

2.8

 Ahmed et al., 2013 [57]

2002–2009

Kuwait

Kuwait National Nutritional Surveillance Data

CS

Unclear

Women with age 20–69 years attending health centers for mandatory health examination for employment, pensions or Haj. Unclear pregnancy status

All

20–49 years

DM defined as FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L, according to the WHO 2003 criteria

2945

212

7.2

20–29 years

1246

42

3.4

30–39 years

857

53

6.2

40–49 yeas

842

117

13.9

 Diejomaoh et al., 2007 [58]

10/2002–06/2004

Kuwait

Obstetrics department, Maternity Hospital

CS

Consecutive

Patients who had ≥ 3 consecutive spontaneous miscarriages were classified as patients with recurrent spontaneous miscarriage

All

The fasting glucose was determined soon after the collection of the blood samples

35

0

0.0

 Tohme et al., 2005 [59]

2003–2004

Lebanon

Household survey

CS

Systematic sampling

Women recruited from general population with an unclear pregnancy status

All

30–50 years

Self-reported DM. Diagnosed by a health professional and on management of DM

544

39

7.2

30–40 years

311

16

5.1

41–50 years

233

23

9.9

 Rguibi and Belahsen, 2005 [60]

10/2001–04/2002

Morocco, Laayoune

Public Health Center during an immunization program

CS

Random Sampling

Non-pregnant women aged 15 years or older, Sahraoui ethnic origin with no previous systemic disease

All

15–34.9 years

According to the ADA criteria FPG was categorized into normal fasting glucose (NFG) (FPG,6.1 mmol/l), IFG (IFG) (FPG 6.1–6.9 mmol/ l) and diabetes (FPG > or equal 7 mmol/ l)

113

2

1.8

15–25 years

42

0

0.0

25–34.9 years

71

2

2.8

 Gowri et al., 2011 [61]

Unclear, Over a period of one calendar year

Oman, Musact

Obstetrics Department of the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital

CS

Consecutive

Pregnant Omani women with a mean an age range of 24–42 years attending ANC care services

All

Blood testing

126

18

14.3

 Al-Lawati et al., 2002 [62]

First quarter of 2000

Oman

Nation–wide survey

CS

Multi–stage stratified probability

Omani adult women ≥ 20 years

All

20–49 years

FPG ≥ 7 mmol/L according to WHO 1999 criteria or a previous history of diabetes diagnosed by a physician regardless of their FPG concentration

2088

132

6.3

20–29 years

1186

40

3.4

30–39 years

619

49

7.9

40–49 years

283

43

15.2

 Bener et al., 2009 [63]

1/2007–7/2008

Qatar

Population–based

CS

Multistage stratified cluster sampling

Qatari nationals above 20 years of age

All

20–49 years

FBG concentration ≥ 7.0 mmol/L and/or 2 h post–OGTT venous blood glucose concentration ≥ 11.1 mmol/L according to the WHO 2006 guidelines

471

60

12.7

20–29 years

130

5

3.8

30–39 years

171

14

8.2

40–49 years

170

41

24.1

 Al-Nazhan et al., 2017 [64]

2010–2012

Riyadh, Jeddah, Najran, Albaha

Dental Clinics in the cities and King Saud University Riyadh

CS

Random

The samples were randomly selected according to the following inclusions criteria: subjects over 16 years of age with more than 10 teeth (excluding third molars) who required the panoramic radiograph as part of dental diagnosis and treatment plan were included in the study

All

16–45 years

Unclear

295

3

1.0

16–25 years

121

1

0.8

26–35 years

110

0

0.0

36–45 years

64

2

3.1

 Saeed, 2017 [65]

2005

Saudi Arabia

Primary Health Centers

CS

Multistage stratified cluster random sampling

Saudi adults aged 15–64 years

All

15–49 years

Data was collected using the WHO STEP-wise questionnaire which includes sociodemographic, life style habits, NCD, associated factors in addition to biochemical and blood pressure measurements

1854

322

17.4

15–24 years

464

32

6.9

25–34 years

573

65

11.3

35–44 years

598

148

24.7

45–49 years

219

77

35.2

 Bahijri et al., 2016 [66]

Unclear

Saudi Arabia, Jeddah

Household survey

CS

Multistage sampling

Women recruited from general population, with age 18–60+ years with an unclear pregnancy status

All

FPG ≥ 126 mg/dl and/or HbA1c ≥ 6.5%

608

39

6.4

18–20 years

126

0

0.0

20–< 30 years

183

4

2.8

30–< 40 years

153

8

6.5

40–< 50 years

146

27

18.5

 Al-Rubeaan et al., 2015 [67]

2007–2009

Saudi Arabia, 13 regions

Saudi–DM national level household population-based study

CS

Random sampling

Men & Women with age 30 – ≥ 70 years with known & unknown GDM and DM status

All

30–49 years

DM defined according to ADA 2011 criteria (FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL)

285

35

12.3

30–39 years

212

20

9.4

40–49 years

73

15

21

 Al Serehi et al., 2015 [68]

2011–2013

Saudi Arabia, Riyadh

A single center study conducted at King Fahad Medical City

CS

Whole population

Pregnant women with mean age 29.9 years

All

Medical records and unclear

1718

14

0.9

 Al-Rubeaan et al., 2014 [69]

2007–2009

Saudi Arabia, Nationwide

Saudi–DM national level household population-based study

CS

Random sampling

Pregnant women in different trimesters, recruited from general population with age 18–49 years

All

18–49 years

FPG according to ADA 2011 criteria and self-reported

549

16

2.9

18–29 years

264

3

1.1

30–39 years

212

7

3.3

40–49 years

73

6

8.2

 Amin et al., 2014 [70]

2012–2012

Saudi Arabia, Al-Hassa

Primary care center located in King Faisal University

CS

Unclear

Non-pregnant university employees with age 20–63 years

All

20–49 years

FPG ≥ 126 mg/dl and/or using antidiabetic medicines

166

11

6.6

20–< 30 years

31

0

0.0

30–< 40 years

68

3

4.4

40–< 49 years

67

8

11.9

 Wahabi et al., 2012 [71]

1/1/−31/12/2008

Saudi Arabia, Riyadh

King Khalid University Hospital

CS

Unclear

Women who were admitted to the labor ward in King Khalid University Hospital

All

Medical records where DM was ascertained before the index of pregnancy

3157

50

1.6

 Saeed 2012 [72]

2005–2005

Saudi Arabia, Riyadh

National population-based survey conducted in 20 health regions

CS

Multistage sampling

Women recruited from general population with age 15–64 years. Unclear pregnancy status.

All

15–44 years

Self-reported DM. Diagnosed by a health professional and on management of DM

1659

131

7.9

15–24 years

528

12

2.3

25–34 years

556

27

4.8

34–44 years

575

92

16.0

 Al-Daghri et al., 2011 [73]

Unclear

Saudi Arabia, Riyadh

Patients recruited from homes and invited to visit primary healthcare centers

CS

Random sampling

Women attending outpatient clinics with age 7–80 years. Unclear pregnancy status

18–45 years

According to WHO 1999 criteria. FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L

2373

228

9.6

 Alqurashi et al., 2011 [74]

6/2009

Saudi Arabia, Riyadh

King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital

CS

All patients during the study period

Female patients attending a primary care clinic

All

20–49 years

Self-reported confirmed by diabetic therapies

2361

343

14.5

20–29 years

942

44

4.7

30–39 years

761

82

10.8

40–49 years

658

217

33.0

 Al-Baghli et al., 2010 [75]

28/8/2004–18/2/2005

Saudi Arabia

Community-based

CS

All residents were invited to participate in this survey

Saudi female subjects aged 30 years and above who resided in the Eastern Province

All

30–49 years

History of DM or FBG of ≥ 126 mg/dl (≥ 7.0 mmol/l), or the casual capillary blood glucose was ≥ 200 mg/dl (≥ 11.0 mmol/l) according to the ADA 2003 guidelines

9092

1525

16.8

30–39 years

2870

175

6.1

40–49 years

6222

1350

21.7

 Al-Qahtani et al., 2006 [76]

2004–2005

Saudi Arabia, King Khalid Military City, Northern

Primary Health Clinics

CS

Whole population

Non-Pregnant women

All

18–49 years

Individuals with self-reported history of DM with anti-DM medication and those with FPG ≥ 7 mmol/L

1906

94

5.1

18–19 years

83

0

0.0

20–29 years

737

13

1.8

30–39 years

890

45

5.1

40–49 years

196

36

18.4

 Shaaban et al., 2006 [77]

2001–2002

Saudi Arabia, Jeddah

Maternity and Children’s Hospital

CS

Consecutive

All pregnant women with a singleton live birth

All

Unclear

313

10

3.2

All pregnant women admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of singleton IUFD at the third trimester with a fetal weight of 1500 g and more. Multiple pregnancy and intra-partum IUFD were excluded

157

41

26.1

 Habib, 2002 [78]

2000

Saudi Arabia, Riyadh

Obstetrics Unit King Khalid University Hospital

CS

Consecutive

Pregnant women undergone Cesarean section during the time period of the study in the hospital

< 20–40+ years

Medical records

754

136

18.0

 Karim et al., 2000 [79]

Unclear

Saudi Arabia, Riyadh

Al-Kharj Military Hospital

CS

Random selection of medical records

Female patients age 18–34 years

All

Medical records

599

4

0.7

 Ben Romdhane et al., 2014 [80]

2005

Tunisia

National household survey

CS

Multistage sampling

Women recruited from general population, with age 35–65+ years with an unclear pregnancy status

All

According to WHO 1999 criteria. FPG ≥ 6.1, or confirmed or self-reported use of anti-DM medications in the past 2 weeks

2191

190

8.7

35–39 years

709

36

5.1

40–44 years

758

67

8.9

45–49 years

724

87

12.0

 Sulaiman et al., 2018 [81]

2013–2014

UAE, (Dubai, Sharjah and Northern Emirates)

Preventive Medicine Departments (Visa Renewal Screening Centers)

CS

Systematic Random Sampling

Migrants recruited from Visa Renewal Centers

All

18–50 years

Medically confirmed DM and were either using glucose-lowering medications or had a FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or HbA1c ≥ 6.5% were classified as with known DM

429

24

5.6

18–30 years

133

6

4.5

31–40 years

198

11

5.6

41–50 years

98

7

7.1

All

18–50 years

FPG or HbA1c levels within the diabetes range. Cut-off values were used according to ADA to diagnose New DM cases

429

22

5.1

18–30 years

133

6

4.5

31–40 years

198

6

3

41–50 years

98

10

10.2

 Shah et al., 2017 [82]

2012–2013

UAE, Al Ain

Visa screening center

CS

Systematic sampling

Migrant workers with mean age 34.1 years with an unclear pregnancy status

18–40 years

Self-reported, or use of a diabetic medication or HbA1c ≥ 6.5%, according to the ADA 2015 criteria

156

19

12.2

 Al Dhaheri et al., 2016 [83]

2013–2014

UAE, Al Ain

UAE University

CS

Random sampling

University students with age 17–25 years. Unclear pregnancy status

All

Self-reported DM. Impaired fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dl or use of hypoglycemic medicines, following the IDF, AHA/NHLBI criteria

555

54

9.7

 Agarwal et al., 2015 [84]

1/1/2012–31/12/2012

UAE, Al Ain

Tawam Hospital

CS

Unclear

Pregnant women attending the routine ANC clinics who were unaware of their antepartum DM status

All

FPG and/or 2–h OGTT glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L and 11.1 mmol/L based on cut-off values of the ADA cut-off point, according to the ADA 2003 criteria

2337

50

2.1

 Hajat et al., 2012 [85]

2008–2010

UAE, Abu Dhabi

SEHA primary healthcare centers in Abu Dhabi Emirate

CS

Whole population

Women enrolled in Waqaya screening program with age 18–75 years. Pregnancy status not reported

All

18–49 years

DM defined as taking diabetes medicines, HbA1c ≥ 6.5%, or random blood glucose > 11.1 mmol/L, following the ADA 2010 criteria

21,792

1774

8.1

18–20 years

250

3

1.2

20–29 years

10,629

287

2.7

30–39 years

7216

534

7.4

40–49 years

3697

950

25.7

 Baynouna et al., 2008 [86]

3/2004–2/2005

UAE, Al Ain

Community-based

CS

Stratified random sampling

UAE citizens with mean age 44.1 years. Unclear pregnancy status

All

20–49 years

Following ADA 2005 guidelines. FPG > 125 mg/dl, patient using diabetic medications or self-reported diabetes

299

40

13.4

20–29 years

59

1

1.7

30–39 years

114

6

5.3

40–49 years

126

33

26.2

 Saadi et al., 2007 [87]

12/2005–11/2006

UAE, Al Ain

Population–based

CS

Random

Non-pregnant UAE citizen women ≥ 18 years

All

18–49 years

FBG concentration ≥ 7.0 mmol/L and/or 2 h post–OGTT venous blood glucose concentration ≥ 11.1 mmol/L according to the WHO 1999 guidelines

1028

108

10.5

18–29 years

627

62

1.0

30–39 years

240

16

6.7

40–49 years

161

30

18.6

 Malik et al., 2005 [88]

10/1999–06/2000

UAE

Population-based study

CS

Stratified, multistage, random sample

Non-institutionalized subjects residing in the UAE and aged 20 years and above. The study design included only people who were living in a family residence and sharing the same income and excluded anyone who lived in workers barracks

All

20–44 years

FBG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or greater than, 7.0 mmol/L and/or 2-h venous blood glucose concentration equal to or greater than, 11.1 mmol/l, or currently on hypoglycaemic agents. Abnormal glucose tolerance defined according to the latest recommendations of a WHO expert group

2355

296

12.6

20–24 years

339

4

1.2

25–34 years

862

72

8.4

35–44 years

1154

220

19.1

 Agarwal et al., 2004 [89]

1/1998–12/2002

UAE, Al Ain

Obstetric clinics at the Al Ain Hospital

RS

Unclear

Women diagnosed with GDM who had the 2 h, 75 g OGTT, 4–8 weeks after delivery with a mean maternal age of 32 years

All

FPG ≥ 7 mmol/L and/or 2 h PG ≥ 11.1 mmol/L according to the WHO 1999 guidelines

549

50

9.1

 Gunaid and Assabri, 2008 [90]

Unclear

Yemen, Sana’a

Semirural area of Hamdan

CS

Multistage random sampling

Women with an age range of 35–44 years

All

T2DM defined as 2-h capillary whole blood glucose concentration ≥ 11.1 mmol/L according to the WHO 1999 guidelines

54

5

9.3

 Valizadeh et al., 2015 [48]

2004–2010

Iran, Zanjan

Three main hospitals of city

RC

Whole population

Women with a history of GDM

All

IFG defined as FBS between 100 and 126 mg/dL (5.5–6.99 mmol/L)

110

1

0.9

IGT defined as blood sugar level of 140 to 199 mg/dL (7.77–11.04 mmol/L) in OGTT

10

9.1

 Hossein-Nezhad et al., 2009 [49]

Before 2009

Iran, Tehran

Five university educational hospitals in Tehran

CS

Consecutive

Woman gave birth with history of GDM (postpartum testing)

IGT

2-h postprandial glucose between 140 mg/dl and 199 mg/dl (7.8–11.0 mmol/l), according to the ADA criteria

2416

517

21.4

 Hadaegh et al., 2008 [52]

1999–2001

Iran, Tehran

General population. Part of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.

CS

Multistage sampling

Women recruited from general population with mean age 43.5 years with an unclear pregnancy status

IFG/All

20–49 years

IFG defined according to the 2003 ADA criteria. IFG 5.6 to 6.9 and 2 h–PG < 7.7 mmol/L

3766

207

5.6

20–29 years

1171

40

3.4

30–39 years

1464

79

5.4

40–49 years

1131

88

7.8

 Azimi-Nezhad et al., 2008 [51]

Before 2008

Iran, northeast Iran

Genral population in urban and rural districts of the Khorasan province

CS

Multistage sampling method

Women from general populations

IFG/All

FBS between 110 and 126 mg/dL, according to the ADA 2003 criteria

1232

15

1.2

15–19 years

21

0

0.0

20–29 years

258

1

0.4

30–39 years

454

4

0.9

40–49 years

499

10

2.0

 Hossein-Nezhad et al., 2007

Before 2007

Iran, Tehran

Five teaching hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences

CS

Consecutive

Pregnant women referred to ANC visits with no known history of diabetes

IGT/All

According to the Carpenter and Coustan 1979 criteria

2416

70

2.9

15–24 years

1209

21

1.7

25–34 years

1001

39

3.9

35–45 years

206

10

4.9

 Keshavarz et al., 2005 [53]

12/1999–01/2001

Iran, Shahrood City

Fatemiyeh Hospital, Shahrood city

PS

Consecutive

All non-pregnant (postpartum) diagnosed with GDM in the recent pregnancy. Excluding twin pregnancies, miscarriages, terminations and preexisting DM

All

Non-diabetic individuals with an FPG > 110 mg/dl (6.1 mmol) but < 126 mg/dl were considered to have IFG and those with 2 h value in the OGTT 140 mg/dl (7.8 mmol) but < 200 mg/dl were defined as IGT, based on ADA criteria

63

7

11

 Mansour et al., 2014 [54]

1/2011–10/2012

Iraq, Basrah

Community-based

CS

Simple random

Iraqi females with an age range of 19–94 years

IFG (All)

According to the ADA 2010 classification: FPG ranging from 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) to 125 mg/dL (6.9 mmol/L) or HbA1c ranging from 5.7% (39 mmol/mol) to 6.4% (46 mmol/mol) or OGCT with plasma glucose lvele of 140–199 mg/dL (7.7–11 mmol/L)

1332

324

24.3

19–30 years

345

54

15.6

31–45 years

987

270

27.4

 Mansour et al., 2008 [55]

2007–2007

Iraq, Basrah

Population-based study conducted in rural areas.

CS

Random sampling

Women recruited from general population with age 20–60+ years. Unclear pregnancy status

All

20–39 years

IFG defined as FPG 100–125 mg/dl, according to the ADA 2000 criteria

40

16

40.0

 Abu-Zaiton and Al-Fawwaz, 2013 [56]

10/2012–1/2013

Jordan

Al-Albayt University

CS

Random sampling

Female university students with a mean age of 19.71 years ±2.55 SD

IFG

FBG between 100 and 126 mg/dL

71

10

14.1

 Ahmed et al., 2013 [57]

2002–2009

Kuwait

Kuwait National Nutritional Surveillance Data collected from primary health centers

CS

Unclear

Women with age 20–69 years attending health centers for mandatory health examination for employment, pensions or Haj. Unclear pregnancy status

IFG/All

20–49 years

FBG between 6.1 and 6.9 mmol/L, according to the WHO 2003 criteria

2945

278

9.4

20–29 years

1246

102

8.2

30–39 years

857

76

8.9

40–49 years

842

100

11.9

 Alattar et al., 2012

2009–2010

Kuwait

College of applied education and training

CS

Unclear

Non-pregnant college students with mean age 20.3 years

17–24 years

IGR/IGT defined as the presence of one or more of the following: FPG of ≥ 5.6 to < 7 mmol/l, 2-h postprandial glucose level of ≥ 7.8 to < 11.1 mmol/L and HbA 1c ≥ 5.6 to < 6.5%, according to the ADA 2010 criteria

311

96

31

 Rguibi and Belahsen, 2005 [60]

2001–2002

Morocco, Laayoune

Public health centers

CS

Random sampling

Non-pregnant women with mean age 36.8 years visiting health centers during an immunization campaign

IFG/All

15–34.9 years

FPG between 6.1–6.9 mmol/L, following the ADA 1997 criteria

113

1

0.9

15–25 years

42

0

0.0

25–34.9 years

71

1

2.8

 Al-Lawati et al., 2002 [62]

First quarter of 2000

Oman

Nation–wide survey

CS

Multi–stage stratified probability

Adult women of Omani nationals aged ≥ 20 years

IFG (All)

FPG ≥ 6.1 but < 7 mmol/ l, according to the WHO 1999 criteria

2088

82

3.9

20–29 years

1186

28

2.4

30–39 years

619

37

6.0

40–49 years

283

17

6.0

40–49 years

170

4

2.4

IGT/All

IGR/IGT defined according to WHO criteria. 2 h post–OGTT PG 7.8–11.0 mmol/L, according to WHO 2006 criteria

471

60

12.7

20–29 years

130

10

7.7

30–39 years

171

22

12.9

40–49 years

170

28

16.5

 Bener et al., 2009 [63]

1/2007–7/2008

Qatar

Population–based

CS

Multistage stratified cluster

Qatari nationals above 20 years of age

IFG/All

FBG between 5.6 and 6.9 mmol/l, according to the WHO 2006 criteria

471

4

0.8

20–29 years

130

0

0.0

30–39 years

171

0

0.0

40–49 years

170

4

2.4

 Bahijri et al., 2016 [66]

Before 2016

Saudi Arabia, Jeddah

Household survey

CS

Multistage sampling

Women recruited from general population with age 18–> 60 years. Unclear pregnancy status

All

18–49 years

FBG of 100–125 mg/dl and/or HbA1c 5.7–6.4%

608

40

6.6

18–20 years

126

3

2.4

20–< 30 years

183

6

3.3

30–< 40 years

153

15

9.8

40–< 50 years

146

16

11.0

 Al-Rubeaan et al., 2015 [67]

2007–2009

Saudi Arabia, 13 regions

SAUDI–DM national level population-based study.

CS

Unclear

Men & Women with age 30 – ≥ 70 years with known & unknown GDM and DM status

All

30–49 years

FBG between 5.6 and 6.9 mmol/L, according to the ADA 2011criteria

285

61

21.4

30–39 years

212

42

19.8

40–49 years

73

19

26.3

 Amin et al., 2014 [70]

2012–2012

Saudi Arabia, Al-Hassa

Primary care center located in King Faisal University

CS

Unclear

Non-pregnant university employees with age 20–63 years

IFG/All

20–49 years

FBG between 110 and 125 mg/dl

166

9

5.4

20–< 30 years

31

0

0.0

30–< 40 years

68

3

4.4

40–< 49 years

67

6

9.0

 Al-Daghri et al., 2011 [73]

Before 2011

Saudi Arabia, Riyadh

Patients recruited from homes and invited to visit primary healthcare centers.

CS

Random sampling

Women attending outpatient clinics with age 7–80 years. Unclear pregnancy status

All

18–45 years

FPG between 6.1 and 6.9 mmol/L (110 to 125 mg/dL), according to the WHO 1999 criteria

2373

204

8.6

 Al-Baghli et al., 2010 [75]

28/8/2004–18/2/2005

Saudi Arabia

Community-based

CS

All residents were invited to participate in this survey

Saudi female subjects aged 30 years and above who resided in the Eastern Province

IFG (All)

FPG between 100 and 125 mg/dl (5.6–6.9 mmol/l), according to the ADA 2003 criteria

1971

50

2.5

30–39 years

783

13

1.7

40–49 years

1188

47

4.1

 Sulaiman et al., 2018 [81]

2013–2014

Dubai, Sharjah, Northern Emirates (UAE)

UAEDIAB UAE National Diabetes and Lifestyle Population-b ased

CS

Systematic Random Sampling

A random sample of migrants recruited from Visa renewal Centers

IFG/All

18–50 years

FPG between 6.1 and 6.9 mmol/L

429

52

12.1

18–30 years

133

12

9.1

31–40 years

198

25

12.7

41–50 years

98

15

15.3

 Hajat et al., 2012 [85]

2008–2010

UAE, Abu Dhabi

SEHA primary healthcare centers in Abu Dhabi Emirate

CS

Whole population

Women with age 18–75 years. Unclear pregnancy status

All

18–49 years

HbA1c 5.7–6.4%, according to the ADA 2010 criteria

21,940

5844

26.6

18–20 years

244

49

20.1

20–29 years

10,785

2362

21.9

30–39 years

7220

2130

29.5

40–49 years

3691

1303

35.3

 Malik et al., 2005 [88]

10/1999–06/2000

UAE

Population-based study

CS

Stratified, multistage, random sample

Only people (≥ 20 years) who were living in a family residence and sharing the same income and excluded anyone who lived in workers barracks

IFG/All

20–44 years

FBG between 6.1 and 6.9 mmol/l

2355

175

7.4

20–24 years

339

17

5.0

25–34 years

862

58

6.7

35–44 years

1154

100

8.7

Only people (≥ 20 years) who were living in a family residence and sharing the same income and excluded anyone who lived in workers barracks

IGT/All

20–44 years

2 h venous blood glucose level of 7.8–11.0 mmol/L on the OGT test

2059

347

16.8

20–24 years

335

43

12.7

25–34 years

790

113

14.3

35–44 years

934

191

20.5

 Agarwal et al., 2004 [89]

1/1998–12/2002

UAE, Al Ain

Obstetric clinics at the Al Ain Hospital

RS

Unclear

Women diagnosed with GDM who had the 2 h, 75 g OGTT, 4–8 weeks after delivery with a mean maternal age of 32 years

IGT

WHO 1999 criteria: FPG < 7 mmol/L and 2 h PG, 7.8–11.0 mmol/l

549

84

15.3

IFG

WHO 1999 criteria: FPG 6.1–6.9 mmol/l

549

30

5.5

 Gunaid and Assabri, 2008 [90]

Unclear

Yemen, Sana’a

Semirural area of Hamdan

CS

Multistage random technique was used

Women with an age range of 35–44 years

IGT

IGT < 6.1 mmol/L and 2–h capillary whole blood glucose concentration from ≥ 7.8 mmol/L to < 11.1 mmol/L, according to the WHO 1999 criteria

54

4

7.4

IFG

FBG between 5.6 and 6.1 mmol/L, and 2-h capillary whole blood glucose concentration < 7.8 mmol/L, according to the WHO 1999 criteria

54

2

3.7