Table 7 Methodological approach for the economic evaluation of pharmacy-based public health interventions
Step | Methodological approach | |
|---|---|---|
1 | Performing a systematic or in-depth review of existing evidence prior to economic evaluation | |
2 | Planning and conducting well-designed trial(s) for the assessment of effectiveness using | PICO framework for a clear definition of population, intervention, comparator and outcomes |
EPOC study design to assist in the selection of the best possible study design | ||
Risk of Bias for EPOC Reviews Tool to assist in strategies to minimize the most frequent risk of bias | ||
3 | Planning and conducting an economic evaluation using: | CHEERS Checklist to perform economic evaluations according to accepted standards |
Recommendations for economic evaluations of public health interventions and for economic evaluations alongside trials to assist in adjustments: using a societal perspective; reliable linking of intermediate to long-term outcomes; choice of health outcomes may not allow for QALY; if costs and benefits also fall on nonhealth sectors, CBA approach may also be required; intervention costs must consider a retail price (as this would be the case if reimbursed); use of lower discount rates; other summary measures may be required if CEA nor CUA are used; and performing equity assessment | ||
4 | Using a wider spectrum of research methods to understand: | Contextual and process indicators affecting the behavior change of patients and providers and other variables |