Intervention and comparator | Number of primary studies | Type of publication | Findingsa and certainty of evidence (GRADE) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Highb | Mediumc | Lowd | Very lowe | |||
Outcome: sleep onset latency (SOL) | ||||||
 Benzodiazepines vs inactive controls | 54 | SR + MA |  | + 1 | + 1 | + 1 |
 Non-benzodiazepines vs inactive controls | 59 | SR + MA |  | + 2 | + 2 |  |
SR |  |  | + 2 | − 1 | ||
 Non-benzodiazepines vs active controls | 1 | SR |  |  |  | − 1 |
 Suvorexant vs inactive controls | 3 | SR + MA |  | + 3 |  |  |
SR |  |  | + 1 |  | ||
 Antidepressants vs inactive controls | 21 | SR + MA |  | +/− 2 | + 1 |  |
SR |  | +/− 1 | +/− 2 | +/− 1 | ||
 Antidepressants vs active controls | 1 | SR |  |  | + 3 |  |
 Antipsychotics vs inactive controls | 5 | SR + MA |  |  |  |  |
SR |  |  | + 1 | + 2 | ||
 Melatonin vs inactive controls | 24 | SR + MA |  | + 3 |  | + 1 |
SR |  |  | + 1/− 1 | +/− 1 | ||
 Diphenhydramine vs inactive controls | 5 | SR + MA |  |  | +/− 1 |  |
SR |  |  | +/− 2 |  | ||
 Cognitive behavioral therapy vs inactive controls | 89 | SR + MA | + 3 | + 6 | + 6 | − 2 |
SR |  | + 5 | + 2 | + 1 | ||
 Cognitive behavioral therapy vs active controls | 7 | SR + MA |  |  | + 1/− 1 |  |
SR | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
 Behavioral Interventions vs inactive controls | 22 | SR + MA |  |  | − 2 |  |
SR |  | + 1 | + 1 |  | ||
 Mindfulness-based Interventions vs inactive controls | 2 | SR + MA |  | + 1 |  |  |
 Combination Therapies vs inactive controls | 1 | SR |  |  | + 1 |  |
Outcome: total sleep time (TST) | ||||||
 Benzodiazepines vs inactive controls | 33 | SR + MA |  |  | + 1 | + 1 |
SR |  |  |  | + 1 | ||
 Non-benzodiazepines vs inactive controls | 41 | SR + MA |  | + 2 | + 1 |  |
SR |  |  | + 1 | + 1 | ||
 Non-benzodiazepines vs active controls | 1 | SR |  |  |  | + 1 |
 Suvorexant vs inactive controls | 3 | SR + MA |  | + 2 | + 1 |  |
SR |  |  | + 1 |  | ||
 Antidepressants vs inactive controls | 24 | SR + MA |  | + 4 |  |  |
SR |  | +/− 1 | +/− 2 | +/− 1 | ||
 Antidepressants vs active controls | 1 | SR |  |  | − 2 |  |
 Antipsychotics vs inactive controls | 4 | SR |  |  |  | +/− 3 |
 Melatonin vs inactive controls | 30 | SR + MA | − 1 | + 2/− 1 | − 1 | − 1 |
SR |  | + 1 | +/− 1 | +/− 2 | ||
 Diphenhydramine vs inactive controls | 4 | SR + MA |  |  | − 1 |  |
SR |  |  | +/− 2 |  | ||
 Cognitive behavioral therapy vs inactive controls | 72 | SR + MA | + 1/− 1 | + 4/− 2 | + 1/− 4 | + 1/− 1 |
SR |  | +/− 2 | +/− 1 |  | ||
 Cognitive behavioral therapy vs active controls | 2 | SR + MA |  |  | − 2 |  |
SR |  | − 1 |  |  | ||
 Behavioral Interventions vs inactive controls | 7 | SR + MA |  |  | − 1 |  |
SR |  |  | − 1 | − 1 | ||
 Mindfulness-based Interventions vs inactive controls | 2 | SR + MA |  | − 1 |  |  |
 Combination therapies vs inactive controls | 4 | SR + MA |  |  | − 1 |  |
SR |  |  | + 1 |  | ||
Outcome: wake after sleep onset (WASO) | ||||||
 Benzodiazepines vs inactive controls | 4 | SR + MA |  |  | + 1 |  |
 Non-benzodiazepines vs inactive controls | 16 | SR + MA |  | − 1 | + 1 |  |
SR |  |  | + 2 | + 1 | ||
 Non-benzodiazepines vs active controls | 3 | SR + MA |  |  |  |  |
SR |  |  | + 1 |  | ||
 Suvorexant vs inactive controls | 3 | SR + MA |  | + 1 | + 1 |  |
SR |  |  | + 1 |  | ||
 Antidepressants vs inactive controls | 13 | SR + MA |  | + 2 |  |  |
SR |  | + 1 | + 2 | + 2 | ||
 Antidepressants vs active controls | 1 | SR |  |  | + 2 |  |
 Melatonin vs inactive controls | 13 | SR + MA |  | − 1 | − 2 |  |
SR |  |  |  | + 2 | ||
 Diphenhydramine vs inactive controls | 1 | SR |  |  |  | − 1 |
 Cognitive behavioral therapy vs inactive controls | 70 | SR + MA | + 1/− 1 | + 5 | + 7/− 2 | + 1 |
SR |  | + 3 | + 3 |  | ||
 Cognitive behavioral therapy vs active controls | 17 | SR + MA |  |  | − 2 |  |
SR |  | + 1 |  | + 1 | ||
 Behavioral Interventions vs inactive controls | 9 | SR + MA |  | +/− 1 | +/− 1 |  |
SR |  |  | + 1 |  | ||
Outcome: sleep quality | ||||||
 Benzodiazepines vs inactive controls | 2 | SR + MA |  |  | − 1 |  |
 Non-benzodiazepines vs inactive controls | 9 | SR + MA |  | + 1 | + 1 |  |
SR |  |  | + 2 |  | ||
 Suvorexant vs inactive controls | 3 | SR + MA |  | + 1 |  |  |
 Antidepressants vs inactive controls | 13 | SR + MA |  | + 1 |  |  |
SR |  |  | + 3 |  | ||
 Antidepressants vs active controls | 1 | SR |  |  | − 1 |  |
 Antipsychotics vs inactive controls | 8 | SR |  |  | + 2 | + 2 |
 Melatonin vs inactive controls | 23 | SR + MA |  | − 3 | + 1/− 1 |  |
SR |  |  | +/− 3 | + 2 | ||
 Diphenhydramine vs inactive controls | 1 | SR |  |  |  | − 1 |
 Cognitive behavioral therapy vs inactive controls | 47 | SR + MA |  | + 5/− 1 | + 5/− 2 | + 1 |
SR |  | + 1 | + 2/− 1 |  | ||
 Cognitive behavioral therapy vs active controls | 4 | SR |  |  | − 2 |  |
 Behavioral Interventions vs inactive controls | 12 | SR + MA |  |  | + 1 |  |
SR |  | + 1/− 1 | + 3/− 1 |  | ||
 Behavioral Interventions vs active controls | 8 | SR + MA |  |  | + 1 |  |
 Mindfulness-based Interventions vs inactive controls | 4 | SR + MA |  | + 1 |  |  |
SR |  |  |  | + 1 | ||
 Combination Therapies vs inactive controls | 1 | SR |  |  | + 1 |  |
Outcome: sleep satisfaction | ||||||
 Antipsychotics vs inactive controls | 1 | SR |  |  |  | − 1 |
 Melatonin vs inactive controls | 1 | SR |  |  | + 1 |  |
 Cognitive behavioral therapy vs inactive controls | 2 | SR |  | + 1 |  |  |
 Behavioral Interventions vs inactive controls | 1 | SR |  |  | + 1 |  |
Outcome: sleep efficiency | ||||||
 Non-benzodiazepines vs inactive controls | 4 | SR + MA |  | + 1 |  |  |
SR |  |  |  | +/− 1 | ||
 Non-benzodiazepines vs active controls | 2 | SR |  |  |  | +/− 1 |
 Antidepressants vs inactive controls | 15 | SR + MA |  | + 2 |  |  |
SR |  | + 1 | + 1 | +/− 2 | ||
 Antipsychotics vs inactive controls | 2 | SR |  |  |  | + 3 |
 Melatonin vs inactive controls | 19 | SR + MA | − 1 | + 1/− 2 | − 1 |  |
SR |  |  | +/− 1 | + 1/− 1 | ||
 Diphenhydramine vs inactive controls | 2 | SR |  |  | +/− 1 |  |
 Cognitive behavioral therapy vs inactive controls | 83 | SR + MA | + 1 | + 7/− 1 | + 5 | + 1 |
SR |  | + 4 | + 5 |  | ||
 Cognitive behavioral therapy vs active controls | 4 | SR + MA |  |  | − 2 |  |
SR |  | + 1 | + 1 |  | ||
 Behavioral Interventions vs inactive controls | 4 | SR |  |  | + 2 |  |
 Mindfulness-based Interventions vs inactive controls | 5 | SR + MA |  | − 1 |  |  |
SR |  |  | +/− 1 |  | ||
Outcome: Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) | ||||||
 Suvorexant vs inactive controls | 3 | SR + MA |  | + 1 | + 1 |  |
SR |  |  | + 1 |  | ||
 Antidepressants vs inactive controls | 2 | SR + MA |  | + 1 |  |  |
 Antipsychotics vs inactive controls | 1 | SR |  |  |  | + 1 |
 Diphenhydramine vs inactive controls | 1 | SR |  |  | + 1 |  |
 Cognitive behavioral therapy vs inactive controls | 46 | SR + MA |  | + 4/− 1 | + 5 |  |
SR |  | + 3 | + 2 |  | ||
 Cognitive behavioral therapy vs active controls | 2 | SR + MA |  |  | − 1 |  |
Outcome: fatigue severity | ||||||
 Cognitive behavioral therapy vs inactive controls | 26 | SR + MA | +/− 1 | +/− 2 |  |  |
SR |  | + 2 |  |  | ||
 Behavioral Interventions vs inactive controls | 2 | SR |  |  | − 1 |  |
Outcome: health-related quality of life | ||||||
 Non-benzodiazepines vs inactive controls | 4 | SR |  | +/− 1 |  |  |
 Melatonin vs inactive controls | 1 | SR |  |  |  | + 1 |
 Cognitive behavioral therapy vs inactive controls | 7 | SR |  | + 2 | + 2 |  |
 Cognitive behavioral therapy vs active controls | 1 | SR |  |  | + 1 |  |
Outcome: hangover/morning sedation | ||||||
 Non-benzodiazepines vs inactive controls | 1 | SR |  |  |  | − 1 |
 Non-benzodiazepines vs active controls | 1 | SR |  |  |  | − 1 |
 Suvorexant vs inactive controls | 3 | SR + MA |  | + 2 |  |  |
 Antipsychotics vs inactive controls | 2 | SR |  |  |  | + 1 |
Outcome: accidental injury | ||||||
 Suvorexant vs inactive controls | 3 | SR + MA |  | + 2 |  |  |
Outcome: addiction, dependence, or diversion | ||||||
 Non-benzodiazepines vs inactive controls | 3 | SR |  |  | +/− 1 |  |
 Non-benzodiazepines vs active controls | 3 | SR |  |  | +/− 1 |  |
 Suvorexant vs inactive controls | 3 | SR + MA |  | + 2 |  |  |