Participants | Adult persons (≥ 18 years) with chronic, non-malignant pain (duration > 3 months) | |
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Intervention | Pain-specific ACT, different modes of delivery | e.g. • Face-to-face individual • Face-to-face group • Self-help book with/without guidance • Self-help internet intervention with/without guidance |
Comparator | • Active chronic pain-specific (ACT or non-ACT) treatment • Wait-list • Treatment as usual • Attention control • Psychological placebo • No treatment | |
Outcomes | • Pain specific: interference and intensity • Emotional functioning: depression and anxiety • Health-related quality of life • Participants’ rating of overall improvement • ACT specific: pain acceptance, psychological flexibility | |
Study design | Randomized controlled trials with ethics approval |