Table 1 Search strategy

1

exp Narcotics/ (111132)

2

actiq*.tw,kf. (27)

3

carfentan*.tw,kf. (243)

4

codeine*.tw,kf. (4872)

5

demerol*.tw,kf. (231)

6

(dihydro-morph* or dihydromorph*).tw,kf. (451)

7

dilaudid*.tw,kf. (69)

8

dur?gesic*.tw,kf. (84)

9

fentanyl*.tw,kf. (16667)

10

fentora*.tw,kf. (9)

11

heroin.tw,kf. (12893)

12

(hydro-codone* or hydrocodone*).tw,kf. (858)

13

(hydro-morphone* or hydromorphone*).tw,kf. (1359)

14

morphine*.tw,kf. (47330)

15

narcotic*.tw,kf. (14412)

16

lorcet*.tw,kf. (5)

17

lortab*.tw,kf. (6)

18

opiate*.tw,kf. (23769)

19

opioid*.tw,kf. (73603)

20

(oxy-codone* or oxycodone*).tw,kf. (2670)

21

(oxy-contin* or oxycontin*).tw,kf. (226)

22

percocet*.tw,kf. (58)

23

percodan*.tw,kf. (14)

24

pethidine*.tw,kf. (2304)

25

phentanyl*.tw,kf. (119)

26

sublimaze*.tw,kf. (22)

27

vicodin*.tw,kf. (56)

28

or/1-27 [Combined MeSH & text words for opioids] (186296)

29

Addiction Medicine/ (4)

30

Behavior, Addictive/ (7744)

31

exp "Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury"/ (26678)

32

Drug abuse/ (87805)

33

exp Drug Misuse/ (10703)

34

Drug Overdose/ (9457)

35

Neurotoxicity Syndromes/ (4428)

36

exp Opioid-Related Disorders/ (22304)

37

Poisoning/ (21631)

38

Psychoses, Substance-Induced/ (5082)

39

Self-Injurious Behavior/ (6447)

40

Street Drugs/ae [adverse effects] (1421)

41

Substance-Related Disorders/ (87805)

42

Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/ (20325)

43

((abus* or addict* or chronic* or depend* or disorder* or intoxicat* or mis-us* or misus* or over-dos* or overdos* or poison* or withdrawal*) adj3 (drug* or fentanyl* or heroin* or narcotic* or opiate* or opioid* or oxy-co* or oxyco* or morphine*)).tw,kf. (97309)

44

((drug* or substance* or toxic*) adj2 psycho*).tw,kf. (18771)

45

or/29-44 [Combined MeSH & text words for chronic drug use] (263106)

46

Burn Units/ (2227)

47

Coronary Care Units/ (4202)

48

exp Critical Care/ (51242)

49

Critical Care Nursing/ (1223)

50

Emergency Medicine/ (11989)

51

Emergency Nursing/ (6602)

52

exp Perioperative Care/ and (acute* or critical* or emergenc* or intensiv* or trauma* or urgent*).mp. (19203)

53

Hospital Medicine/ (119)

54

exp Hospitals/ and (acute* or critical* or emergenc* or intensiv* or trauma* or urgent*).mp. (42779)

55

Hospitalization/ (91123)

56

Intensive Care Units/ (45436)

57

exp Life Support Care/ (8408)

58

Operating Rooms/ and (acute* or critical* or emergenc* or intensiv* or trauma* or urgent*).mp. (1581)

59

Respiratory Care Units/ (579)

60

exp Specialties, Surgical/ and (acute* or critical* or emergenc* or intensiv* or trauma* or urgent*).mp. (16202)

61

Surgery Department, Hospital/ and (acute* or critical* or emergenc* or intensiv* or trauma* or urgent*).mp. (1066)

62

((acute* or critical* or emergenc* or intensiv* or trauma* or urgent*) adj2 (care or centr* or department* or hospital* or unit* or ward*)).tw,kf. (270869)

63

((acute* or critical* or emergenc* or intensiv* or trauma* or urgent*) and (intraoperative or operative or perioperative or postoperative)).tw,kf. (114703)

64

((burn* or cardi* or coronary* or heart* or respiratory*) adj2 (care or department* or room* or unit* or ward*)).tw,kf. (27819)

65

ICU.tw,kf. (44322)

66

life support.tw,kf. (10639)

67

or/46-66 [Combined MeSH & text words for acute healthcare settings] (564082)

68

and/28,45,67 [Combined concepts for opioids, chronic drug use, & acute healthcare settings] (2136)

69

exp animals/ not humans/ (4426250)

70

68 not 69 [Exclude animal studies] (2116)

71

(adolescent/ or exp child/) not exp adult/ (1302784)

72

(adolescen* or child* or infan* or neonat* or p?ediatric* or youth).ti,jw. (1500398)

73

70 not (71 or 72) [Exclude pediatric studies] (1845)

74

(comment or editorial or news or newspaper article).pt. (1210379)

75

73 not 74 [Exclude opinion pieces] (1810)

76

("1996 *" or "1997 *" or "1998 *" or "1999 *" or 200* or 201*).dt. (17023135)

77

and/75-76 [date limit applied] (1410)

78

limit 77 to (english or french) (1322)

79

remove duplicates from 78 (1315)