Table 5 Determinants of catastrophic health expenditure
No. | Author | County | Health area | Determinants | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Household economic status | Type of health provider | Type of illness | Household member characteristics | Geographical location | Social insurance/health scheme | Household size and composition | ||||
1 | Kenya | General health care | Higher income (−) | Public facilities (+) inpatient services (+) | Reported Illness (+) | Employment (−) Education (−) | Urban area (−) | Health insurance (NS) | Under 5 (−) | |
2 | (Laokri et al. 2014 [40]) | Benin | TB | Lower quintile (+) | NA | Adverse pre-diagnosis (+) | Education (+) gender(NS) | NA | Poor social network (+) health insurance (+) | Small household (+) above 40Â years (+) |
3 | (Barasa et al. 2017 [52]) | Kenya | General health care | Poorest quintile (+) | NA | Chronic disease (+) | Unemployed (+) | Marginalised location (+) | NA | Older HH head (+) large HH size (+) |
4 | (Buigut et al. 2015 [53]) | Kenya | General health care | NA | Public hospital (+) | Injury (+) simple illness, e.g. cough (−) | Working adults (−) | Slums (+) | Safety net (−) | Older income earner above 55 years (+) |
5 | (Su et al. 2006 [44]) | Burkina Faso | General health care | Higher quintile (NS) | NA | illness episodes (+) chronic illness (+) disabled (NS) | NA | NA | NA | HH size (+) |
6 | (Sene and Cisse, 2015 [30]) | Senegal | General health care | NA | Health centre/posts (+) | Accidents (+) | NA | Rural areas (+) | Health insurance (−) | Elderly members (+) |
7 | (Dyer et al. 2013 [45]) | South Africa | HIV-ART | Poorest quintile (+) | NA | Pre-ART treatment (−) | Education level (+) employment (−) age (NS) | NA | Medical scheme (NS) | Larger HHs (−) |
8 | (Brinda et al. 2014 [51]) | Tanzania | General health care | Low socio-economic (+) low HH asset (+) | Traditional healer (+) | Chronic disease (+) | Manual labourer (+) | NA | NA | HH size above 5 (+) |
9 | Masiye et al., 2016 [49]) | Zambia | General health care | Rich wealth quintile (−) | Primary health care facility (−) | NA | Education attainment (NS) employment status (NS) sex (NS) | Distance to health facility (+) region of residence (NS) | NA | NA |
10 | (Arsenault et al. 2013 [55]) | Mali | Obstetric care | Poorest (+) | NA | NA | No education (+) | Remote community (+) 40Â KM away from health facility (+) | NA | NA |
11 | (Akinkugbe et al. 2012 [16]) | Botswana, Lesotho | General health care | NA | NA | NA | Unemployed HH head (+) female headed HHs (−) educated head (−) | Rural areas (+) | NA | HH size (+) HH member above 65 years (+) |
12 | Nigeria | TB | NA | Private facility (−) | HIV positive status (+) TB smear positive (+) | Formal education (+) primary income earner (+) | Urban residence (−) | NA | Above 40 years (+) | |
13 | (Ilunga-Ilunga et al. 2015 [39]) | Democratic Republic of Congo | Malaria | Poor and Middle income (+) | Private hospital (+) | Clinical Malaria (+) | Female headed HHs (+) | NA | NA | NA |
14 | (Adisa, 2015 [43]) | Nigeria | General health care | Higher income (−) | NA | NA | Educated (+) female age (+) | NA | Informal health financing (−) non-enrolment in insurance (+) | NA |
15 | (Cleary et al. 2013 [56]) | South Africa | Obstetric care/TB/ART | NA | NA | Obstetrics patients (+) | Employment (−) education (+) | Urban areas (−) | NA | NA |
16 | (Counts and Skordis-Worrall, 2016 [70]) | Tanzania | Chronic disease | NA | NA | NA | Education level (+) male HH head (−) | Urban areas (+) | NA | HH size (+) number of adults (+) |
17 | (Beaulière et al. 2010 [54]) | Côte d’Ivoire | HIV-ART | Higher income (−) | NA | Time spent on ART (−) | Education level (−) female HIV patients (−) | NA | Health insurance (NS) | HH size (−) |
18 | (Xu et al. 2006a [47]) | Uganda | General health care | HH income (NS) | Private facilities (+) | NA | Low education (+) male HHs (−) | Urban areas (−) | NA | HH with over 65 yrs. (+) |