Table 1 Countries of the Middle East and North Africa region included and excluded in the overview

Algeria

Yes

No

No

Yes

Arabic

French and Arabic [24]

Yes

Bahrain

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Arabic

Arabic and English [34]

Yes

Djibouti

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Arabic and French

French [47]

Yes

Egypt

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Arabic

Arabic and English [30]

Yes

Iraq

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Arabic

Arabic and English [29]

Yes

Jordan

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Arabic

Arabic and English [26]

Yes

Kuwait

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Arabic

Arabic and English [42]

Yes

Lebanon

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Arabic

Arabic, French, and English [31]

Yes

Libya

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Arabic

Arabic and English [25]

Yes

Morocco

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Arabic

Arabic and French [27]

Yes

Oman

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Arabic

Arabic and English [35]

Yes

Pakistan

No

Yes

No

No

Urdu

English [39]

Yes

Palestine

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Arabic

English and Arabic [20]

Yes

Qatar

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Arabic

Arabic and English [43]

Yes

Saudi Arabia

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Arabic

Arabic and English [46]

Yes

Sudan

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Arabic

English [38]

Yes

Syria

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Arabic

Arabic, French, and English [28]

Yes

Tunisia

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Arabic

Arabic and French [45]

Yes

United Arab Emirates

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Arabic

English [22]

Yes

Yemen

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Arabic

Arabic and English [39, 44]

Yes

Afghanistan

No

Yes

No

Yes

Dari and Pashto

English and Arabic [21]

No

Cyprus

No

Yes

No

No

Greek

Greek, Turkish, and English [33]

No

Israel

Yes

No

No

No

Hebrew

Hebrew and English [41]

No

Iran

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Farsi

English and Farsi [23]

No

Malta

Yes

No

No

No

Maltese

Maltese and English [32]

No

Somalia

No

Yes

Yes

No

Somali

Somali, Arabic, and Italian [36]

No

Turkey

No

No

No

Yes

Turkish

Turkish and English [40]

No