Table 1 Selection criteria

Participants

Adult patients (above 18 years) with diabetes^a and CKD in any health care setting

Participants without the diagnosis of diabetes and CKD

Interventions

Self-management models including at least one of the following intervention components:

Provider education, provider feedback, provider reminders, patient education, patient reminders, and patient financial incentives

No intervention or any intervention other than those prespecified in the inclusion criteria

Control

Clearly defined usual or standard care. This may be the chronic disease management programme that is already in place before a new model of care is introduced

Any intervention except those listed in the

inclusion criteria

Outcomes

Must include at least one of the following outcomes:

Primary:

1. Clinical indicators (blood pressure, eGFR, and HbA_1c)

Secondary:

1. Medication adherence

2. Self-management activity

3. Health service utilization including hospitalization

4. Health-related quality of life

5. Adverse events such as deaths

Lack of at least one relevant prespecified outcome

Study design

Randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials

Studies reporting non-randomized studies