Table 1 PICOS (participants, interventions, comparators, outcomes, study design) characteristics of the screening projects

Participants

Infants ≤ 24 months

Children and young adults ≤24 years

Any age

Children ≤ 18 years

Intervention

Pharmacologic

Pharmacologic

Multicomponent behavioral program

Any

Comparator

Placebo; active pharmacologic comparator

Placebo; no treatment; active pharmacologic comparator

Usual or standard care; active comparator

Any (including non-comparative SRs)

Outcomes

Rate of admission or length of stay; change in clinical severity score; oxygen saturation; respiratory rate; heart rate; symptoms; QoL; pulmonary function

Intermediate effectiveness outcomes; adverse effects

Behavioral; clinical; health (e.g., quality of life); diabetes-related health care utilization; program acceptability; harms

Health outcomes relevant to children, including the accuracy of diagnostic tests and outcomes measured in adults related to exposures during childhood

Study design

RCTs

RCTs; NRCTs; controlled cohort studies; controlled before-after studies

RCTs; NRCTs; prospective comparative studies; prospective cohort studies; controlled before-after studies

Non-Cochrane: SRs; meta-analyses; network meta-analyses; individual patient data meta-analyses