Table 2 Summary of included studies

Huusko et al. (2000) [31]

RCT

Hospital

(Finland)

N = 141

I/C: 78/63

Mean age (years): 80

I/C: 80/80

Intensive rehabilitation within a geriatric ward—physiotherapy twice/day, early ambulation, self-motivation, daily living aids, occupational therapy, individualised patient and family counselling, home visits

Rehabilitation in a local hospital

n/a

Post-discharge residence; length of hospital stay;

mortality

The intervention shortened the length of hospital stay in patients with mild or moderate dementia.

Kennie et al. (1988) [35]

RCT

Hospital

(United Kingdom)

N = 51

I/C: 20/31

Median age (years): not reported

I/C: 79/84

Physiotherapy, occupational therapy, orthotic services etc. in a peripheral hospital as well as thrice weekly supervision by a geriatrician

Physiotherapy, occupational therapy, orthotic services, etc. in the orthopaedic admission ward

Katz ADL index^a

Length of hospital stay;

post-discharge residence

Geriatric rehabilitative care shortened the length of hospital stays and increased the chances of regaining functional independence and independent life among elderly women with hip fractures.

McGilton et al. (2013) [36]

Quasi-experimental

Hospital

(Canada)

N = 47

I/C: 23/24^b

Mean age (years): not reported

I/C: 82.5/80.1^c

Patient centred rehabilitation model targeting patients with cognitive impairment (PCRM-CI)—rehabilitation management, dementia management, delirium prevention, education and support for healthcare providers on providing patient-centred care, education, and support for caregivers

Usual care—rehabilitation management

Functional Independence Measure Motor Subscale (FIMM)

Length of stay;

post-discharge residence^d

No difference in mobility gains, but the intervention increased the likelihood of returning home after discharge.

Prieto-Alhambra et al. (2013) [32]

RCT

Unclear

(multiple countries^e)

N = 350

I/C: 168/182

Mean age (years): 78.9

Annual 5 mg IV zoledronic acid

Placebo IV infusion

*Time to first clinical fracture;

time to death

Findings support the use of zoledronic acid (bisphosphonates) in cognitively impaired patients with osteoporotic fractures.

Shaw et al. (2003) [18]

RCT

Accident and Emergency (A&E) departments

(United Kingdom)

N = 246

I/C: 118/128

Mean age (years): Not reported

I/C: 84/84

Multifactorial assessment and intervention—medical, cardiovascular, physiotherapy and occupational therapy assessment and management of untreated problems, pharmacotherapy, supervised home-based exercise, and home hazard modification

Conventional care

Gait score;

balance score

Number of falls in the first year after intervention;

number of falls;

time to first fall;

injury rates;

fall-related attendance at A&E;

fall-related hospital admissions;

environmental risk factors;

cardiovascular risk factors;

mortality

The intervention was not shown to be effective in preventing falls in persons with dementia and CI presenting to the A&E after a fall.

Stenvall et al. (2012) [33]

RCT

Hospital

(Sweden)

N = 64

I/C: 28/36

Mean age: not reported

I/C: 81/83.2

Comprehensive geriatric assessments and rehabilitation—prevention, detection, and treatment of postoperative complications, and early mobilisation

Conventional postoperative routines

Swedish Clinical Outcomes Variables (S-COVS);

Use of walking aids;

ADL staircase

Living situation;

re-admissions;

in-hospital days after discharge

The intervention resulted in fewer postop complications among patients with dementia; it also improved recovery in their p-ADL^f performance and walking ability.

Watne et al. (2014) [34]

RCT

Hospital

(Norway)

N = 162

I/C: 80/82

Mean age (years): not reported

I/C: 84/85

Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) in the acute geriatric ward—multidisciplinary meetings, medication reviews, early and intensive mobilisation, optimised nutrition, and early discharge planning

Treatment in the orthopaedic ward and early mobilisation

Barthel ADL Index;

Nottingham Extended ADL Index (NEADL);

mobility;

SPPB

Preoperative delirium;

severity of delirium;

length of stay;

mortality;

place of residence;

weight changes

The intervention was not found to improve cognitive function 4 months after surgery, but it had a positive impact on mobility.