Table 2 Characteristics of studies of barriers to accessing resources
Author (year) | Mean age | Study design (data collection method) | Barriers to... | Person-level modifiers examined | System-level (including caregiver-related) modifiers examined | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic | Cultural | Psychosocial | Exp. with incarceration | Medical history | Mental history | |||||
Studies of barriers to accessing or remaining in care | ||||||||||
Burke-Miller (2006), Multiplea [69] | NS | Observational (interviews and examinations) | Engaging in care | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | None |
Blackstock (2015), Multipleb [53] | 42 | Observational (interviews) | Engaging in care | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Transportation |
Williams (2013), Multiplec [55] | 41 | Observational (survey) | Engaging in care | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Intensity of care services received in jail |
Tello (2010), Maryland [41] | 46 | Observational (survey + focus groups) | Engaging in care; cancer screening | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Transportation, relationship with provider |
Toth (2013), North Carolina [70] | 46 | Observational (interviews) | Engaging in care | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Transportation, financial, other logistical |
Sevelius (2014), California [54] | NS | Observational (interviews + focus groups) | Engaging in care | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Provider/staff cultural competence, integrated transgender and /HIV care, confidentiality |
Stevens (2009), Wisconsin [71] | 41 | Observational (interviews) | Engaging in care | No | No | No | No | No | No | Insurance, transportation, financial, provider turnover |
Fletcher (2014), Texas [40] | 51 | Observational (focus groups) | Cervical cancer screening | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Transportation, wait times, scheduling |
Quinlivan (2013), North Carolina [72] | 45 | Observational (interviews) | Engaging in care | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Navigating labs, transportation and parking, relationship with providers |
Vyava-harkar (2008), South Carolina [73] | 44 | Observational (focus groups) | Engaging in care | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Relationship with provider |
Pivnick (2010), New York [52] | 48 | Observational (interviews + focus groups) | Engaging in care | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | None |
McDoom (2015), Massachusetts [74] | 57 | Observational (interviews) | Engaging in care | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | Relationship with provider |
Kempf (2010), Alabama [75] | 46 | Observational (focus groups) | Retention in care | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Transportation, clinic hours, flexible scheduling |
Kupprat 2009, New York [38] | 47 | Observational (chart review) | Engaging in care | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Unclear |
Sarnquist 2011, California [76] | NS | Observational (interviews) | Engaging in care | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | Transportation, navigating healthcare system |
Studies of barriers to other goals | ||||||||||
Blackstock (2015), New York [42] | 50 | Observational (interviews) | Using the Web | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Place of medical care (clinic, private PCP vs healthcare for homeless, methadone clinic, visiting PCP) |
Blackstock (2015), New York [43] | 49 | Observational (interviews) | Accessing Web-based social support | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | None |
Cocohoba (2013), California [35] | NS | Observational (interviews) | Adhering to ART | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Privacy, pharmacy location, presence of drug-seeking or intoxicated pharmacy patrons, relationship with provider |