Table 1 Examples of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD)

Pharmacological interventions

Antipsychotics (e.g., risperidone)

Antidepressants (e.g., citalopram)

Cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., donepezil)

Memantine

Benzodiazepines (e.g., lorazepam)

Anticonvulsants (e.g., valproate)

Mood stabilizers (e.g., lithium)

Stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate)

Others (e.g., melatonin, quinidine)

Non-pharmacological interventions

Reminiscence therapy

Validation therapy

Simulated presence therapy

Light therapy

Animal therapy

Aromatherapy

Snoezelen room

Exercise

Cognitive training and rehabilitation