Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria for the selection of studies relevant to the review
Characteristic | Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
|---|---|---|
Study design | Primary research Qualitative or quantitative study designs | Reviews and overviewsa Opinion pieces (i.e., comments, editorials, letters) |
Publication date | Articles published from January 2000 to present | Articles published prior to January 2000 |
Language | Articles published in English | Articles published in any language other than English |
Population | Parents of infants, children or youth aged 0 to 18 years Human populations | Populations other than parents of infants, children or youth aged 0 to 18 years Animal studies |
Procedures | Mildly (e.g., oral and nasal suctioning), moderately (e.g., dressing or tape removal, wound irrigation) and severely (e.g., venipuncture, phlebotomy, intravenous insertion, lumbar puncture, suprapubic aspiration) painful procedures [2] common to the emergency medicine setting | Procedures less common to the emergency medicine setting (e.g., vaccinations administered in the community, in-patient procedures); urinary catheter insertions; endoscopies; tracheotomies; procedural sedation |
Outcomes | Articles describing parent experiences immediately before and/or after, and/or during the painful procedure, and their information needs with regard to managing their child’s distress and pain | Articles describing and/or evaluating tools or education programs that parents can use to manage their child’s distress and procedural pain |