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Table 6 Estimates of the incidences of serious adverse events (some scaled for comparability)

From: The risk associated with spinal manipulation: an overview of reviews

Death

 

 1 in >3330.000–3,730,000 manipulations

 

Stroke

 

 1 in 20,000–2,000,000 manipulations

 

Vertebrobasilar accident (VBA)

 

 1 in 228,050–1,000,000 manipulations

 

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

 

 1 in 228,050– 3,850,000 manipulations

 

Lumbar disc herniation (LDH)

 

 1 in 8,369,129 manipulationsa

 

Cauda equina syndrome (CES)

 

 1 CES in >1,000,000–128,000,000 manipulations

 

CES or LDH

 

 1 in >1,000,000–3,720,000 manipulations

 

‘Serious adverse events’

 

 1 in 1,000,000–250,000,000 manipulations

 

‘Serious complication’

 

 1 in 20,000–2,000,000 manipulations

 
  1. aOnly one estimate was available