Table 2 Overview of prognostic factors extracted for IDP analyses and the role of the variable in moderator analysis
Individual subject characteristics | Prognostic factors | |
|---|---|---|
Age | Confirmatory | |
Gender | Exploratory | |
Height, weight, body mass index | Exploratory | |
Ethnicity/race | Exploratory | |
Lifestyle factors | ||
Participation in sports activities or physical fitness level | Exploratory | |
Smoking | Exploratory | |
Alcohol use | Exploratory | |
Sociodemographic characteristics | ||
Marital status | Exploratory | |
Level of education | Exploratory | |
Income | Exploratory | |
Employment status | Exploratory | |
Nature and severity of the low back pain | ||
Duration of the low back pain | Confirmatory | |
Non-specific | Exploratory | |
Radiation | Exploratory | |
Previous low back pain treatment received | Exploratory | |
Comorbidities, e.g., diabetes, heart disease | ||
Presence of comorbidities | Exploratory | |
Number of comorbidities | Exploratory | |
Category of comorbidities | Exploratory | |
Type of treatment | Manipulation, mobilization, combination | |
Psychosocial factors | e.g., Back Depression Inventory, Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire | Confirmatory |
Treatment preference/ expectation | e.g., preference for treatment, previous experience with treatment, expectation to final improvement, self-efficacy scale/beliefs | Confirmatory |